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112aae1982 First two major clades of the Eukarya 2021-10-13 02:17:43 -07:00
6387964d76 The Great Oxygenation 2021-10-13 00:22:08 -07:00
21 changed files with 253 additions and 1 deletions

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# Alveolata

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# Apicomplexa
- Members of the [[Alveolata]] [[pyhlum]] of the [[SAR Supergroup]]
- Plasmodium Falciparum
- Causes malaria
- Toxoplasma Gondii
- Normal cycle of infection revolves around mice and house cats
- Makes mice act arrogant around predators to transmit to cats
- Cat feces carries the parasite, which ends up being transmitted to mice
[//begin]: # "Autogenerated link references for markdown compatibility"
[Alveolata]: alveolata "Alveolata"
[SAR Supergroup]: sar-supergroup "SAR Supergroup"
[//end]: # "Autogenerated link references"

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[//begin]: # "Autogenerated link references for markdown compatibility" [//begin]: # "Autogenerated link references for markdown compatibility"
[bacteria]: bacteria "Bacteria" [bacteria]: bacteria "Bacteria"
[eukarya]: eukarya "Eukarya"
[Lokiarchaeota]: lokiarchaeota "Lokiarchaeota" [Lokiarchaeota]: lokiarchaeota "Lokiarchaeota"
[TACK Supergroup]: tack-supergroup "TACK Supergroup" [TACK Supergroup]: tack-supergroup "TACK Supergroup"
[Archaea]: archaea "Archaea" [Archaea]: archaea "Archaea"
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[Korarchaeota]: korarchaeota "Korarchaeota" [Korarchaeota]: korarchaeota "Korarchaeota"
[Thaumarchaeota]: thaumarchaeota "Thaumarchaeota" [Thaumarchaeota]: thaumarchaeota "Thaumarchaeota"
[Crenarchaeota]: crenarchaeota "Crenarchaeota" [Crenarchaeota]: crenarchaeota "Crenarchaeota"
[Eukarya]: eukarya "Eukarya"
[//end]: # "Autogenerated link references" [//end]: # "Autogenerated link references"

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# Brown algae
- Members of the [[Heterokonta]] [[phylum]] of the [[SAR Supergroup]]
- Macrocystis Pyrifera
- Giant kelp
[//begin]: # "Autogenerated link references for markdown compatibility"
[Heterokonta]: heterokonta "Heterokonta"
[SAR Supergroup]: sar-supergroup "SAR Supergroup"
[//end]: # "Autogenerated link references"

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# Ciliophora
- Members of the [[Alveolata]] [[pyhlum]] of the [[SAR Supergroup]]
- Have hundreds to thousands of cilia used for feeding and mobility
- Abundant and diverse in most aquatic habitats
[//begin]: # "Autogenerated link references for markdown compatibility"
[Alveolata]: alveolata "Alveolata"
[SAR Supergroup]: sar-supergroup "SAR Supergroup"
[//end]: # "Autogenerated link references"

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# Cyanobacteria # Cyanobacteria
- Responsible for The Great Oxygenation - Responsible for [[The Great Oxygenation]]
- [[Spirulina]]: Highly nutritious - [[Spirulina]]: Highly nutritious
- [[Rivularia]]: Classifies as multi-cellular, as it can regrow its - [[Rivularia]]: Classifies as multi-cellular, as it can regrow its
photosynthetic filament photosynthetic filament
[//begin]: # "Autogenerated link references for markdown compatibility"
[The Great Oxygenation]: the-great-oxygenation "The Great Oxygenation"
[//end]: # "Autogenerated link references"

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# Diatoms
- Members of the [[Heterokonta]] [[phylum]] of the [[SAR Supergroup]]
- Photosynthetic algae, with silica-rich shells
- When diatomaceous earth is exposed, silica can be harvested from the
remains of diatoms
[//begin]: # "Autogenerated link references for markdown compatibility"
[Heterokonta]: heterokonta "Heterokonta"
[SAR Supergroup]: sar-supergroup "SAR Supergroup"
[//end]: # "Autogenerated link references"

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# Dinoflagellata
- Members of the [[Alveolata]] [[pyhlum]] of the [[SAR Supergroup]]
- Associated with red tides
- Lingulodinium Polyedrum
[//begin]: # "Autogenerated link references for markdown compatibility"
[Alveolata]: alveolata "Alveolata"
[SAR Supergroup]: sar-supergroup "SAR Supergroup"
[//end]: # "Autogenerated link references"

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# Diplomonadida
- Members of the [[Metamonada]] [[phylum]] of the [[Excavata]]
- Giardia Intestinalis
- Relatively common in wildlife
[//begin]: # "Autogenerated link references for markdown compatibility"
[Metamonada]: metamonada "Metamonada"
[Excavata]: excavata "Excavata"
[//end]: # "Autogenerated link references"

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# Endosymbiosis

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# Euglenozoa
- Members of the [[Excavata]]
- Euglena Gracilis
- Photosynthetic, free-living
- Typanosoma Cruzi (Chagas Disease) and Trypanosoma Brucei (African Sleeping
Sickness)
- Nonphotosynthetic, parasitic
- Transmitted by arthropod vectors
- Because they're eukaryotic and aerobic, they're hard to target with
medication
[//begin]: # "Autogenerated link references for markdown compatibility"
[Excavata]: excavata "Excavata"
[//end]: # "Autogenerated link references"

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# Eukarya
- There are two parts to the origin of eukaryotic cells:
- [[Endosymbiosis]]: Theorized by [[Lynn Margulis]], proposes that
mitochondria, along with other eukaryotic organelles, first existed as
independent organisms
- [[Endomembrane System]]: Documented by [[Christian de Duve]], the
endomembrane system involves parts of organelles specific to eukaryotic
organelles, such as the nuclear envelope
- In eukaryotes, [[mitochondria]] have separate DNA from the nuclear genome,
which is evidence for [[Endosymbiosis]]
## Taxonomy
- [[Eukarya]]
- Bikonta
- [[Excavata]]
- [[Euglenozoa]]
- [[Metamonada]]
- Trichozoa
- [[Diplomonadida]]
- [[Parabasalia]]
- Diaphoretickes
- [[SAR Supergroup]]
- Rhizaria
- Cercozoa
- Retaria
- Foraminifera
- Radiolaria
- Halvaria
- [[Alveolata]]
- [[Ciliophora]]
- Myzozoa
- [[Apicomplexa]]
- [[Dinoflagellata]]
- [[Heterokonta]] (Stramenopiles)
- [[Diatoms]]
- [[Oomycota]]
- [[Brown algae]]
- [[Archaeplastida]]
- Red algae
- Viridiplantae
- Chlorophyta
- Streptophyta
- Charophyta
- Embryophyta (land plants)
- [[Unikonta]]
- Amoebozoa
- Tubulinea
- Entamoeba
- Eumycetozoa (slime molds)
- Opisthokonta
- Holomycota
- Nucleariida
- Fungi
- Holozoa
- Choanoflagellatea
- Animalia
[//begin]: # "Autogenerated link references for markdown compatibility"
[Endosymbiosis]: endosymbiosis "Endosymbiosis"
[mitochondria]: mitochondrion "mitochondrion"
[Eukarya]: eukarya "Eukarya"
[Excavata]: excavata "Excavata"
[Euglenozoa]: euglenozoa "Euglenozoa"
[Metamonada]: metamonada "Metamonada"
[Diplomonadida]: diplomonadida "Diplomonadida"
[Parabasalia]: parabasalia "Parabasalia"
[SAR Supergroup]: sar-supergroup "SAR Supergroup"
[Alveolata]: alveolata "Alveolata"
[Ciliophora]: ciliophora "Ciliophora"
[Apicomplexa]: apicomplexa "Apicomplexa"
[Dinoflagellata]: dinoflagellata "Dinoflagellata"
[Heterokonta]: heterokonta "Heterokonta"
[Diatoms]: diatoms "Diatoms"
[Oomycota]: oomycota "Oomycota"
[Brown algae]: brown-algae "Brown algae"
[//end]: # "Autogenerated link references"

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# Excavata

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# Heterokonta
- A [[phylum]] of the [[SAR Supergroup]] with two kinds of flagella
[//begin]: # "Autogenerated link references for markdown compatibility"
[SAR Supergroup]: sar-supergroup "SAR Supergroup"
[//end]: # "Autogenerated link references"

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# Metamonada
- A [[phylum]] of the [[Excavata]] which lacks [[mitochondria]]
- This means they're adapted to anaerobic environments
- Includes [[Diplomonadida]] and [[Parabasalia]]
[//begin]: # "Autogenerated link references for markdown compatibility"
[Excavata]: excavata "Excavata"
[mitochondria]: mitochondrion "mitochondrion"
[Diplomonadida]: diplomonadida "Diplomonadida"
[Parabasalia]: parabasalia "Parabasalia"
[//end]: # "Autogenerated link references"

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# mitochondria

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# mitochondrion

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# Oomycota
- Members of the [[Heterokonta]] [[phylum]] of the [[SAR Supergroup]]
- Heterotrophic and fungus-like
- Fish parasites
- Phytophthora Infestans
- Cause of Irish Potato Famine
[//begin]: # "Autogenerated link references for markdown compatibility"
[Heterokonta]: heterokonta "Heterokonta"
[SAR Supergroup]: sar-supergroup "SAR Supergroup"
[//end]: # "Autogenerated link references"

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# Parabasalia
- Members of the [[Metamonada]] [[phylum]] of the [[Excavata]]
- Flagellated anaerobes, living within anaerobic spaces within other animals
- Mixotricha Paradoxa
- Found in the gut of termites
- Cellulose is not digestable by most animals
- Mixotricha Paradoxa can break down cellulose before the termite digests it
- Mixotricha Paradoxa doesn't produce cellulase
- Unclear whether the termite actually digests the Mixotricha Paradoxa or
lets it live
- Uses own flagellum as rudders, while [[spirochetes]] power the movement
- Trichomonas Vaginalis
- Agent of STD in humans
[//begin]: # "Autogenerated link references for markdown compatibility"
[Metamonada]: metamonada "Metamonada"
[Excavata]: excavata "Excavata"
[spirochetes]: spirochaeota "Spirochaeota"
[//end]: # "Autogenerated link references"

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# SAR Supergroup

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# The Great Oxygenation
- The diverity of [[bacteria]] exploded during the [[Archaean]], leading to the
evolution of [[Cyanobacteria]]
- This does not mean that [[Spirulina]] existed during the [[Archaean]]: it
is a modern organism
- There was almost no O₂ in the atmosphere before the
[[Archaean]]-[[Proterozoic]] break
- No O₂ means no formation of peroxides
- Peroxides are dangerous to many cells as they rob electrons from
proteins, fatally altering them
- Cells had to develop anti-oxidation defenses, including [[catalase]]
- Cells had two ways to adapt to O₂
1. Become a strict anaerobe, and avoid oxygen-containing habitats
2. Tolerate O₂
- O₂ toleration can easily lead to aerobic metabolism
[//begin]: # "Autogenerated link references for markdown compatibility"
[bacteria]: bacteria "Bacteria"
[Archaean]: archaean "Archaean"
[Cyanobacteria]: cyanobacteria "Cyanobacteria"
[Proterozoic]: proterozoic "Proterozoic"
[//end]: # "Autogenerated link references"