More metazoa
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# amoebocytes
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animalia.md
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animalia.md
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# Animalia
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# Animalia
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- Also known as [[Metazoa]]
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- A member of the [[Opisthokonta]]
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- Multicellular
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- Most basal of Metazoa: [[Sponge]]
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- Water enters through the [[ostia]] and exits through the [[osculum]]
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- [[flagellated chamber]]
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- Separating the ostia and the [[spongocoel]]
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- Different cell types
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- Outer layer: [[pinacoderm]]
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- Controlling the ostia: [[porocytes]]
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- Controlling the flagella, eating: [[choanocytes]]
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- Transport nutrition: [[amoebocytes]]
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- A few taxa of interest with respect to the origin of animals:
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- [[sponge|Sponges]]
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- [[cnidaria|Cnidarians]]
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- [[Ctenophores]]
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- [[Bilateria]]
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- Goes through [[cleavage-divisions|Cleavage Divisions]]
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- Required to be [[multicellular]] and go through [[morphogenesis]]
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## Taxonomy
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- [[Animalia]]
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- [[Porifera]] (Parazoa)
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- [[sponge|Sponges]]
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- [[Eumetazoa]] (2 germ layers, ecto- and endo-, "true tissues")
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- [[Radiata]]
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- [[Cnidaria]]
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- [[Bilateria]] (3 germ layers, meso-)
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- [[Deuterostomia]]
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- [[Echinodermata]]
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- [[Chordata]]
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- [[Protostomia]]
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- [[Lophotrochozoa]]
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- [[Annelida]]
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- [[Mollusca]]
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- Flatworms
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- [[Ecdysozoa]]
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- [[Arthropoda]]
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- [[Nematoda]]
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# Bilateria
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- A 3rd germ layer on top of [[Eumetazoa]], the [[mesoderm]]
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- Bilaterally symmetric
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- The [[Urbilaterian]]:
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- MRCA of the Bilaterians
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- Must have been extremely unspecialized to give rise to both
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[[deuterostomia|deuterostomes]] and [[protostomia|protostomes]]
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- Anterior to Posterior positioning controlled by [[hox-genes|Hox Genes]]
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- In this case, they're called Hox cluster genes
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# Choanoflagellatea
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# Choanoflagellatea
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- A member of the [[Opisthokonta]]
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- "Choano" refers to a collar surrounding the flagella
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- Not considered an [[animalia|animal]] as there are no specialization
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mechanisms (technically unicellular, even if colonial)
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- Food piles up at the bottom of the collar due to the movement of the
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choanoflagellate in the water
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# Cleavage Divisions
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# Cnidaria
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# Cryogenian
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- Middle part of the [[Neoproterozoic]]
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- The [[Urbilaterian]] and possibly the [[Protostomia]] MRCA most likely split
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here
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# Deuterostomia
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- The [[blastopore]] develops into the anus
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## Taxonomy
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- [[Deuterostomia]]
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- [[Echinodermata]]
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- [[Chordata]]
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# Ediacaran
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# Ediacaran
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- The period before the [[Cambrian]]
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- The MRCAs of the [[Deuterostomia]], [[Lophotrochozoa]], and
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[[Ecdysozoa]] most likely split here
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# Eumetazoa
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- 2 germ layers, [[ectoderm]] and [[endoderm]]
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- True tissues
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- Extracellular digestion
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# Gastrula
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- The result of [[cleavage-divisions|Cleavage Divisions]]
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- Has an [[ectoderm]] and an [[endoderm]]
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- Has a [[blastopore]] leading to an [[archenteron]]
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# Hox Genes
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- Code for Hox proteins containing [[homeodomain]]
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- Control the development of other genes
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# Metazoa
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- [[pull]] [[Animalia]]
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# Morphogenesis
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- The specialization of cells
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- Example is developing a [[Gastrula]]
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# Neoproterozoic
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- Last part of the [[Proterozoic]]
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- During the [[Cryogenian]], there were two long glaciation periods where the
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Earth was mostly covered in ice
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- Ends with the [[Ediacaran]]
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# Proterozoic
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# Proterozoic
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- Ends with the [[Neoproterozoic]]
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# Protostomia
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- The [[blastopore]] develops into the mouth
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## Taxonomy
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- [[Protostomia]]
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- [[Lophotrochozoa]]
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- [[Annelida]]
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- [[Mollusca]]
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- Flatworms
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- [[Ecdysozoa]]
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- [[Arthropoda]]
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- [[Nematoda]]
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# Radiata
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- Radially symmetric
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# Sponge
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- The most basal of the [[Metazoa]]
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- Intracellular digestion
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# Urbilaterian
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- Gave rise to the [[protostomia|protostomes]] and
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[[deuterostomia|deuterostomes]]
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- Had to be simple based on this
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- Based on Hox genes common to most descendants:
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- The Urbilaterian most likely had 6 segments
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- It most likely had 2 eyes
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- It most likely had a heart
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- Had to be complex based on this
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- Due to lack of fossil evidence, we don't know much for certain about it
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