More metazoa

amoebocytes.md

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+# amoebocytes
+

animalia.md

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 # Animalia
 
+- Also known as [[Metazoa]]
+- A member of the [[Opisthokonta]]
+- Multicellular
+- Most basal of Metazoa: [[Sponge]]
+  - Water enters through the [[ostia]] and exits through the [[osculum]]
+  - [[flagellated chamber]]
+    - Separating the ostia and the [[spongocoel]]
+  - Different cell types
+    - Outer layer: [[pinacoderm]]
+    - Controlling the ostia: [[porocytes]]
+    - Controlling the flagella, eating: [[choanocytes]]
+    - Transport nutrition: [[amoebocytes]]
+- A few taxa of interest with respect to the origin of animals:
+  - [[sponge|Sponges]]
+  - [[cnidaria|Cnidarians]]
+  - [[Ctenophores]]
+  - [[Bilateria]]
+- Goes through [[cleavage-divisions|Cleavage Divisions]]
+- Required to be [[multicellular]] and go through [[morphogenesis]]
+
+## Taxonomy
+
+- [[Animalia]]
+  - [[Porifera]] (Parazoa)
+    - [[sponge|Sponges]]
+  - [[Eumetazoa]] (2 germ layers, ecto- and endo-, "true tissues")
+    - [[Radiata]]
+      - [[Cnidaria]]
+    - [[Bilateria]] (3 germ layers, meso-)
+      - [[Deuterostomia]]
+        - [[Echinodermata]]
+        - [[Chordata]]
+      - [[Protostomia]]
+        - [[Lophotrochozoa]]
+          - [[Annelida]]
+          - [[Mollusca]]
+          - Flatworms
+        - [[Ecdysozoa]]
+          - [[Arthropoda]]
+          - [[Nematoda]]

bilateria.md

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+# Bilateria
+
+- A 3rd germ layer on top of [[Eumetazoa]], the [[mesoderm]]
+- Bilaterally symmetric
+- The [[Urbilaterian]]:
+  - MRCA of the Bilaterians
+  - Must have been extremely unspecialized to give rise to both
+    [[deuterostomia|deuterostomes]] and [[protostomia|protostomes]]
+- Anterior to Posterior positioning controlled by [[hox-genes|Hox Genes]]
+  - In this case, they're called Hox cluster genes

choanoflagellatea.md

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 # Choanoflagellatea
 
+- A member of the [[Opisthokonta]]
+- "Choano" refers to a collar surrounding the flagella
+- Not considered an [[animalia|animal]] as there are no specialization
+  mechanisms (technically unicellular, even if colonial)
+- Food piles up at the bottom of the collar due to the movement of the
+  choanoflagellate in the water

cleavage-divisions.md

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+# Cleavage Divisions
+
+

cnidaria.md

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+# Cnidaria
+

cryogenian.md

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+# Cryogenian
+
+- Middle part of the [[Neoproterozoic]]
+- The [[Urbilaterian]] and possibly the [[Protostomia]] MRCA most likely split
+  here

deuterostomia.md

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+# Deuterostomia
+
+- The [[blastopore]] develops into the anus
+
+## Taxonomy
+
+- [[Deuterostomia]]
+  - [[Echinodermata]]
+  - [[Chordata]]

ediacaran.md

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 # Ediacaran
 
+- The period before the [[Cambrian]]
+- The MRCAs of the [[Deuterostomia]], [[Lophotrochozoa]], and
+  [[Ecdysozoa]] most likely split here

eumetazoa.md

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+# Eumetazoa
+
+- 2 germ layers, [[ectoderm]] and [[endoderm]]
+- True tissues
+- Extracellular digestion

gastrula.md

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+# Gastrula
+
+- The result of [[cleavage-divisions|Cleavage Divisions]]
+- Has an [[ectoderm]] and an [[endoderm]]
+- Has a [[blastopore]] leading to an [[archenteron]]

hox-genes.md

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+# Hox Genes
+
+- Code for Hox proteins containing [[homeodomain]]
+- Control the development of other genes

metazoa.md

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+# Metazoa
+
+- [[pull]] [[Animalia]]

morphogenesis.md

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+# Morphogenesis
+
+- The specialization of cells
+- Example is developing a [[Gastrula]]

neoproterozoic.md

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+# Neoproterozoic
+
+- Last part of the [[Proterozoic]]
+- During the [[Cryogenian]], there were two long glaciation periods where the
+  Earth was mostly covered in ice
+- Ends with the [[Ediacaran]]

proterozoic.md

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 # Proterozoic
 
+- Ends with the [[Neoproterozoic]]

protostomia.md

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+# Protostomia
+
+- The [[blastopore]] develops into the mouth
+
+## Taxonomy
+
+- [[Protostomia]]
+  - [[Lophotrochozoa]]
+    - [[Annelida]]
+    - [[Mollusca]]
+    - Flatworms
+  - [[Ecdysozoa]]
+    - [[Arthropoda]]
+    - [[Nematoda]]

radiata.md

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+# Radiata
+
+- Radially symmetric

sponge.md

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+# Sponge
+
+- The most basal of the [[Metazoa]]
+- Intracellular digestion

urbilaterian.md

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+# Urbilaterian
+
+- Gave rise to the [[protostomia|protostomes]] and
+  [[deuterostomia|deuterostomes]]
+  - Had to be simple based on this
+- Based on Hox genes common to most descendants:
+  - The Urbilaterian most likely had 6 segments
+  - It most likely had 2 eyes
+  - It most likely had a heart
+  - Had to be complex based on this
+- Due to lack of fossil evidence, we don't know much for certain about it