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# Alveolata
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# Apicomplexa
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- Members of the [[Alveolata]] [[pyhlum]] of the [[SAR Supergroup]]
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- Plasmodium Falciparum
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- Causes malaria
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- Toxoplasma Gondii
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- Normal cycle of infection revolves around mice and house cats
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- Makes mice act arrogant around predators to transmit to cats
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- Cat feces carries the parasite, which ends up being transmitted to mice
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[//begin]: # "Autogenerated link references for markdown compatibility"
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[Alveolata]: alveolata "Alveolata"
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[SAR Supergroup]: sar-supergroup "SAR Supergroup"
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[//end]: # "Autogenerated link references"
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[//begin]: # "Autogenerated link references for markdown compatibility"
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[bacteria]: bacteria "Bacteria"
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[eukarya]: eukarya "Eukarya"
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[Lokiarchaeota]: lokiarchaeota "Lokiarchaeota"
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[TACK Supergroup]: tack-supergroup "TACK Supergroup"
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[Archaea]: archaea "Archaea"
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[Korarchaeota]: korarchaeota "Korarchaeota"
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[Thaumarchaeota]: thaumarchaeota "Thaumarchaeota"
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[Crenarchaeota]: crenarchaeota "Crenarchaeota"
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[Eukarya]: eukarya "Eukarya"
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[//end]: # "Autogenerated link references"
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# Brown algae
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- Members of the [[Heterokonta]] [[phylum]] of the [[SAR Supergroup]]
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- Macrocystis Pyrifera
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- Giant kelp
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[//begin]: # "Autogenerated link references for markdown compatibility"
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[Heterokonta]: heterokonta "Heterokonta"
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[SAR Supergroup]: sar-supergroup "SAR Supergroup"
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[//end]: # "Autogenerated link references"
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# Ciliophora
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- Members of the [[Alveolata]] [[pyhlum]] of the [[SAR Supergroup]]
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- Have hundreds to thousands of cilia used for feeding and mobility
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- Abundant and diverse in most aquatic habitats
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[//begin]: # "Autogenerated link references for markdown compatibility"
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[Alveolata]: alveolata "Alveolata"
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[SAR Supergroup]: sar-supergroup "SAR Supergroup"
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[//end]: # "Autogenerated link references"
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# Cyanobacteria
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- Responsible for [[The Great Oxygenation]]
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- Responsible for The Great Oxygenation
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- [[Spirulina]]: Highly nutritious
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- [[Rivularia]]: Classifies as multi-cellular, as it can regrow its
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photosynthetic filament
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[//begin]: # "Autogenerated link references for markdown compatibility"
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[The Great Oxygenation]: the-great-oxygenation "The Great Oxygenation"
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[//end]: # "Autogenerated link references"
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diatoms.md
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diatoms.md
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# Diatoms
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- Members of the [[Heterokonta]] [[phylum]] of the [[SAR Supergroup]]
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- Photosynthetic algae, with silica-rich shells
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- When diatomaceous earth is exposed, silica can be harvested from the
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remains of diatoms
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[//begin]: # "Autogenerated link references for markdown compatibility"
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[Heterokonta]: heterokonta "Heterokonta"
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[SAR Supergroup]: sar-supergroup "SAR Supergroup"
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[//end]: # "Autogenerated link references"
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# Dinoflagellata
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- Members of the [[Alveolata]] [[pyhlum]] of the [[SAR Supergroup]]
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- Associated with red tides
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- Lingulodinium Polyedrum
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[//begin]: # "Autogenerated link references for markdown compatibility"
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[Alveolata]: alveolata "Alveolata"
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[SAR Supergroup]: sar-supergroup "SAR Supergroup"
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[//end]: # "Autogenerated link references"
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# Diplomonadida
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- Members of the [[Metamonada]] [[phylum]] of the [[Excavata]]
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- Giardia Intestinalis
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- Relatively common in wildlife
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[//begin]: # "Autogenerated link references for markdown compatibility"
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[Metamonada]: metamonada "Metamonada"
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[Excavata]: excavata "Excavata"
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[//end]: # "Autogenerated link references"
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# Endosymbiosis
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# Euglenozoa
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- Members of the [[Excavata]]
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- Euglena Gracilis
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- Photosynthetic, free-living
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- Typanosoma Cruzi (Chagas Disease) and Trypanosoma Brucei (African Sleeping
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Sickness)
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- Nonphotosynthetic, parasitic
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- Transmitted by arthropod vectors
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- Because they're eukaryotic and aerobic, they're hard to target with
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medication
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[//begin]: # "Autogenerated link references for markdown compatibility"
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[Excavata]: excavata "Excavata"
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[//end]: # "Autogenerated link references"
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eukarya.md
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eukarya.md
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# Eukarya
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- There are two parts to the origin of eukaryotic cells:
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- [[Endosymbiosis]]: Theorized by [[Lynn Margulis]], proposes that
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mitochondria, along with other eukaryotic organelles, first existed as
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independent organisms
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- [[Endomembrane System]]: Documented by [[Christian de Duve]], the
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endomembrane system involves parts of organelles specific to eukaryotic
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organelles, such as the nuclear envelope
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- In eukaryotes, [[mitochondria]] have separate DNA from the nuclear genome,
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which is evidence for [[Endosymbiosis]]
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## Taxonomy
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- [[Eukarya]]
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- Bikonta
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- [[Excavata]]
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- [[Euglenozoa]]
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- [[Metamonada]]
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- Trichozoa
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- [[Diplomonadida]]
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- [[Parabasalia]]
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- Diaphoretickes
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- [[SAR Supergroup]]
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- Rhizaria
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- Cercozoa
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- Retaria
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- Foraminifera
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- Radiolaria
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- Halvaria
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- [[Alveolata]]
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- [[Ciliophora]]
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- Myzozoa
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- [[Apicomplexa]]
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- [[Dinoflagellata]]
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- [[Heterokonta]] (Stramenopiles)
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- [[Diatoms]]
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- [[Oomycota]]
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- [[Brown algae]]
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- [[Archaeplastida]]
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- Red algae
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- Viridiplantae
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- Chlorophyta
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- Streptophyta
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- Charophyta
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- Embryophyta (land plants)
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- [[Unikonta]]
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- Amoebozoa
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- Tubulinea
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- Entamoeba
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- Eumycetozoa (slime molds)
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- Opisthokonta
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- Holomycota
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- Nucleariida
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- Fungi
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- Holozoa
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- Choanoflagellatea
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- Animalia
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[//begin]: # "Autogenerated link references for markdown compatibility"
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[Endosymbiosis]: endosymbiosis "Endosymbiosis"
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[mitochondria]: mitochondrion "mitochondrion"
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[Eukarya]: eukarya "Eukarya"
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[Excavata]: excavata "Excavata"
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[Euglenozoa]: euglenozoa "Euglenozoa"
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[Metamonada]: metamonada "Metamonada"
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[Diplomonadida]: diplomonadida "Diplomonadida"
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[Parabasalia]: parabasalia "Parabasalia"
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[SAR Supergroup]: sar-supergroup "SAR Supergroup"
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[Alveolata]: alveolata "Alveolata"
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[Ciliophora]: ciliophora "Ciliophora"
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[Apicomplexa]: apicomplexa "Apicomplexa"
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[Dinoflagellata]: dinoflagellata "Dinoflagellata"
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[Heterokonta]: heterokonta "Heterokonta"
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[Diatoms]: diatoms "Diatoms"
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[Oomycota]: oomycota "Oomycota"
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[Brown algae]: brown-algae "Brown algae"
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[//end]: # "Autogenerated link references"
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# Excavata
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# Heterokonta
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- A [[phylum]] of the [[SAR Supergroup]] with two kinds of flagella
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[//begin]: # "Autogenerated link references for markdown compatibility"
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[SAR Supergroup]: sar-supergroup "SAR Supergroup"
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[//end]: # "Autogenerated link references"
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# Metamonada
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- A [[phylum]] of the [[Excavata]] which lacks [[mitochondria]]
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- This means they're adapted to anaerobic environments
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- Includes [[Diplomonadida]] and [[Parabasalia]]
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[//begin]: # "Autogenerated link references for markdown compatibility"
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[Excavata]: excavata "Excavata"
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[mitochondria]: mitochondrion "mitochondrion"
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[Diplomonadida]: diplomonadida "Diplomonadida"
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[Parabasalia]: parabasalia "Parabasalia"
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[//end]: # "Autogenerated link references"
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# mitochondria
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# mitochondrion
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oomycota.md
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oomycota.md
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# Oomycota
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- Members of the [[Heterokonta]] [[phylum]] of the [[SAR Supergroup]]
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- Heterotrophic and fungus-like
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- Fish parasites
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- Phytophthora Infestans
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- Cause of Irish Potato Famine
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[//begin]: # "Autogenerated link references for markdown compatibility"
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[Heterokonta]: heterokonta "Heterokonta"
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[SAR Supergroup]: sar-supergroup "SAR Supergroup"
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[//end]: # "Autogenerated link references"
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# Parabasalia
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- Members of the [[Metamonada]] [[phylum]] of the [[Excavata]]
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- Flagellated anaerobes, living within anaerobic spaces within other animals
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- Mixotricha Paradoxa
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- Found in the gut of termites
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- Cellulose is not digestable by most animals
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- Mixotricha Paradoxa can break down cellulose before the termite digests it
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- Mixotricha Paradoxa doesn't produce cellulase
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- Unclear whether the termite actually digests the Mixotricha Paradoxa or
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lets it live
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- Uses own flagellum as rudders, while [[spirochetes]] power the movement
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- Trichomonas Vaginalis
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- Agent of STD in humans
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[//begin]: # "Autogenerated link references for markdown compatibility"
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[Metamonada]: metamonada "Metamonada"
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[Excavata]: excavata "Excavata"
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[spirochetes]: spirochaeota "Spirochaeota"
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[//end]: # "Autogenerated link references"
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# SAR Supergroup
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# The Great Oxygenation
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- The diverity of [[bacteria]] exploded during the [[Archaean]], leading to the
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evolution of [[Cyanobacteria]]
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- This does not mean that [[Spirulina]] existed during the [[Archaean]]: it
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is a modern organism
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- There was almost no O₂ in the atmosphere before the
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[[Archaean]]-[[Proterozoic]] break
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- No O₂ means no formation of peroxides
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- Peroxides are dangerous to many cells as they rob electrons from
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proteins, fatally altering them
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- Cells had to develop anti-oxidation defenses, including [[catalase]]
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- Cells had two ways to adapt to O₂
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1. Become a strict anaerobe, and avoid oxygen-containing habitats
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2. Tolerate O₂
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- O₂ toleration can easily lead to aerobic metabolism
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[//begin]: # "Autogenerated link references for markdown compatibility"
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[bacteria]: bacteria "Bacteria"
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[Archaean]: archaean "Archaean"
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[Cyanobacteria]: cyanobacteria "Cyanobacteria"
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[Proterozoic]: proterozoic "Proterozoic"
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[//end]: # "Autogenerated link references"
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