737 lines
27 KiB
Python
737 lines
27 KiB
Python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
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"""
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requests.session
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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This module provides a Session object to manage and persist settings across
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requests (cookies, auth, proxies).
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"""
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import os
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import platform
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import time
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from collections import Mapping
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from datetime import timedelta
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from .auth import _basic_auth_str
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from .compat import cookielib, is_py3, OrderedDict, urljoin, urlparse
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from .cookies import (
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cookiejar_from_dict, extract_cookies_to_jar, RequestsCookieJar, merge_cookies)
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from .models import Request, PreparedRequest, DEFAULT_REDIRECT_LIMIT
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from .hooks import default_hooks, dispatch_hook
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from ._internal_utils import to_native_string
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from .utils import to_key_val_list, default_headers
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from .exceptions import (
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TooManyRedirects, InvalidSchema, ChunkedEncodingError, ContentDecodingError)
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from .structures import CaseInsensitiveDict
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from .adapters import HTTPAdapter
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from .utils import (
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requote_uri, get_environ_proxies, get_netrc_auth, should_bypass_proxies,
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get_auth_from_url, rewind_body
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)
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from .status_codes import codes
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# formerly defined here, reexposed here for backward compatibility
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from .models import REDIRECT_STATI
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# Preferred clock, based on which one is more accurate on a given system.
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if platform.system() == 'Windows':
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try: # Python 3.3+
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preferred_clock = time.perf_counter
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except AttributeError: # Earlier than Python 3.
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preferred_clock = time.clock
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else:
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preferred_clock = time.time
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def merge_setting(request_setting, session_setting, dict_class=OrderedDict):
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"""Determines appropriate setting for a given request, taking into account
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the explicit setting on that request, and the setting in the session. If a
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setting is a dictionary, they will be merged together using `dict_class`
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"""
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if session_setting is None:
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return request_setting
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if request_setting is None:
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return session_setting
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# Bypass if not a dictionary (e.g. verify)
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if not (
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isinstance(session_setting, Mapping) and
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isinstance(request_setting, Mapping)
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):
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return request_setting
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merged_setting = dict_class(to_key_val_list(session_setting))
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merged_setting.update(to_key_val_list(request_setting))
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# Remove keys that are set to None. Extract keys first to avoid altering
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# the dictionary during iteration.
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none_keys = [k for (k, v) in merged_setting.items() if v is None]
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for key in none_keys:
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del merged_setting[key]
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return merged_setting
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def merge_hooks(request_hooks, session_hooks, dict_class=OrderedDict):
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"""Properly merges both requests and session hooks.
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This is necessary because when request_hooks == {'response': []}, the
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merge breaks Session hooks entirely.
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"""
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if session_hooks is None or session_hooks.get('response') == []:
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return request_hooks
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if request_hooks is None or request_hooks.get('response') == []:
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return session_hooks
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return merge_setting(request_hooks, session_hooks, dict_class)
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class SessionRedirectMixin(object):
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def get_redirect_target(self, resp):
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"""Receives a Response. Returns a redirect URI or ``None``"""
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# Due to the nature of how requests processes redirects this method will
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# be called at least once upon the original response and at least twice
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# on each subsequent redirect response (if any).
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# If a custom mixin is used to handle this logic, it may be advantageous
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# to cache the redirect location onto the response object as a private
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# attribute.
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if resp.is_redirect:
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location = resp.headers['location']
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# Currently the underlying http module on py3 decode headers
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# in latin1, but empirical evidence suggests that latin1 is very
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# rarely used with non-ASCII characters in HTTP headers.
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# It is more likely to get UTF8 header rather than latin1.
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# This causes incorrect handling of UTF8 encoded location headers.
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# To solve this, we re-encode the location in latin1.
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if is_py3:
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location = location.encode('latin1')
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return to_native_string(location, 'utf8')
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return None
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def resolve_redirects(self, resp, req, stream=False, timeout=None,
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verify=True, cert=None, proxies=None, yield_requests=False, **adapter_kwargs):
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"""Receives a Response. Returns a generator of Responses or Requests."""
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hist = [] # keep track of history
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url = self.get_redirect_target(resp)
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while url:
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prepared_request = req.copy()
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# Update history and keep track of redirects.
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# resp.history must ignore the original request in this loop
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hist.append(resp)
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resp.history = hist[1:]
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try:
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resp.content # Consume socket so it can be released
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except (ChunkedEncodingError, ContentDecodingError, RuntimeError):
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resp.raw.read(decode_content=False)
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if len(resp.history) >= self.max_redirects:
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raise TooManyRedirects('Exceeded %s redirects.' % self.max_redirects, response=resp)
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# Release the connection back into the pool.
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resp.close()
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# Handle redirection without scheme (see: RFC 1808 Section 4)
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if url.startswith('//'):
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parsed_rurl = urlparse(resp.url)
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url = '%s:%s' % (to_native_string(parsed_rurl.scheme), url)
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# The scheme should be lower case...
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parsed = urlparse(url)
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url = parsed.geturl()
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# Facilitate relative 'location' headers, as allowed by RFC 7231.
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# (e.g. '/path/to/resource' instead of 'http://domain.tld/path/to/resource')
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# Compliant with RFC3986, we percent encode the url.
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if not parsed.netloc:
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url = urljoin(resp.url, requote_uri(url))
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else:
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url = requote_uri(url)
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prepared_request.url = to_native_string(url)
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self.rebuild_method(prepared_request, resp)
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# https://github.com/requests/requests/issues/1084
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if resp.status_code not in (codes.temporary_redirect, codes.permanent_redirect):
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# https://github.com/requests/requests/issues/3490
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purged_headers = ('Content-Length', 'Content-Type', 'Transfer-Encoding')
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for header in purged_headers:
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prepared_request.headers.pop(header, None)
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prepared_request.body = None
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headers = prepared_request.headers
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try:
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del headers['Cookie']
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except KeyError:
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pass
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# Extract any cookies sent on the response to the cookiejar
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# in the new request. Because we've mutated our copied prepared
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# request, use the old one that we haven't yet touched.
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extract_cookies_to_jar(prepared_request._cookies, req, resp.raw)
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merge_cookies(prepared_request._cookies, self.cookies)
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prepared_request.prepare_cookies(prepared_request._cookies)
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# Rebuild auth and proxy information.
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proxies = self.rebuild_proxies(prepared_request, proxies)
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self.rebuild_auth(prepared_request, resp)
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# A failed tell() sets `_body_position` to `object()`. This non-None
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# value ensures `rewindable` will be True, allowing us to raise an
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# UnrewindableBodyError, instead of hanging the connection.
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rewindable = (
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prepared_request._body_position is not None and
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('Content-Length' in headers or 'Transfer-Encoding' in headers)
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)
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# Attempt to rewind consumed file-like object.
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if rewindable:
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rewind_body(prepared_request)
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# Override the original request.
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req = prepared_request
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if yield_requests:
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yield req
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else:
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resp = self.send(
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req,
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stream=stream,
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timeout=timeout,
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verify=verify,
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cert=cert,
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proxies=proxies,
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allow_redirects=False,
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**adapter_kwargs
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)
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extract_cookies_to_jar(self.cookies, prepared_request, resp.raw)
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# extract redirect url, if any, for the next loop
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url = self.get_redirect_target(resp)
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yield resp
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def rebuild_auth(self, prepared_request, response):
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"""When being redirected we may want to strip authentication from the
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request to avoid leaking credentials. This method intelligently removes
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and reapplies authentication where possible to avoid credential loss.
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"""
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headers = prepared_request.headers
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url = prepared_request.url
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if 'Authorization' in headers:
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# If we get redirected to a new host, we should strip out any
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# authentication headers.
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original_parsed = urlparse(response.request.url)
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redirect_parsed = urlparse(url)
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if (original_parsed.hostname != redirect_parsed.hostname):
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del headers['Authorization']
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# .netrc might have more auth for us on our new host.
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new_auth = get_netrc_auth(url) if self.trust_env else None
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if new_auth is not None:
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prepared_request.prepare_auth(new_auth)
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return
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def rebuild_proxies(self, prepared_request, proxies):
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"""This method re-evaluates the proxy configuration by considering the
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environment variables. If we are redirected to a URL covered by
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NO_PROXY, we strip the proxy configuration. Otherwise, we set missing
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proxy keys for this URL (in case they were stripped by a previous
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redirect).
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This method also replaces the Proxy-Authorization header where
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necessary.
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:rtype: dict
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"""
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proxies = proxies if proxies is not None else {}
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headers = prepared_request.headers
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url = prepared_request.url
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scheme = urlparse(url).scheme
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new_proxies = proxies.copy()
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no_proxy = proxies.get('no_proxy')
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bypass_proxy = should_bypass_proxies(url, no_proxy=no_proxy)
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if self.trust_env and not bypass_proxy:
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environ_proxies = get_environ_proxies(url, no_proxy=no_proxy)
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proxy = environ_proxies.get(scheme, environ_proxies.get('all'))
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if proxy:
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new_proxies.setdefault(scheme, proxy)
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if 'Proxy-Authorization' in headers:
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del headers['Proxy-Authorization']
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try:
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username, password = get_auth_from_url(new_proxies[scheme])
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except KeyError:
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username, password = None, None
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if username and password:
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headers['Proxy-Authorization'] = _basic_auth_str(username, password)
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return new_proxies
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def rebuild_method(self, prepared_request, response):
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"""When being redirected we may want to change the method of the request
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based on certain specs or browser behavior.
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"""
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method = prepared_request.method
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# http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7231#section-6.4.4
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if response.status_code == codes.see_other and method != 'HEAD':
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method = 'GET'
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# Do what the browsers do, despite standards...
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# First, turn 302s into GETs.
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if response.status_code == codes.found and method != 'HEAD':
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method = 'GET'
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# Second, if a POST is responded to with a 301, turn it into a GET.
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# This bizarre behaviour is explained in Issue 1704.
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if response.status_code == codes.moved and method == 'POST':
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method = 'GET'
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prepared_request.method = method
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class Session(SessionRedirectMixin):
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"""A Requests session.
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Provides cookie persistence, connection-pooling, and configuration.
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Basic Usage::
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>>> import requests
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>>> s = requests.Session()
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>>> s.get('http://httpbin.org/get')
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<Response [200]>
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Or as a context manager::
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>>> with requests.Session() as s:
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>>> s.get('http://httpbin.org/get')
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<Response [200]>
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"""
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__attrs__ = [
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'headers', 'cookies', 'auth', 'proxies', 'hooks', 'params', 'verify',
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'cert', 'prefetch', 'adapters', 'stream', 'trust_env',
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'max_redirects',
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]
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def __init__(self):
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#: A case-insensitive dictionary of headers to be sent on each
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#: :class:`Request <Request>` sent from this
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#: :class:`Session <Session>`.
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self.headers = default_headers()
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#: Default Authentication tuple or object to attach to
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#: :class:`Request <Request>`.
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self.auth = None
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#: Dictionary mapping protocol or protocol and host to the URL of the proxy
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#: (e.g. {'http': 'foo.bar:3128', 'http://host.name': 'foo.bar:4012'}) to
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#: be used on each :class:`Request <Request>`.
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self.proxies = {}
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#: Event-handling hooks.
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self.hooks = default_hooks()
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#: Dictionary of querystring data to attach to each
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#: :class:`Request <Request>`. The dictionary values may be lists for
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#: representing multivalued query parameters.
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self.params = {}
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#: Stream response content default.
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self.stream = False
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#: SSL Verification default.
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self.verify = True
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#: SSL client certificate default, if String, path to ssl client
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#: cert file (.pem). If Tuple, ('cert', 'key') pair.
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self.cert = None
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#: Maximum number of redirects allowed. If the request exceeds this
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#: limit, a :class:`TooManyRedirects` exception is raised.
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#: This defaults to requests.models.DEFAULT_REDIRECT_LIMIT, which is
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#: 30.
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self.max_redirects = DEFAULT_REDIRECT_LIMIT
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#: Trust environment settings for proxy configuration, default
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#: authentication and similar.
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self.trust_env = True
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#: A CookieJar containing all currently outstanding cookies set on this
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#: session. By default it is a
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#: :class:`RequestsCookieJar <requests.cookies.RequestsCookieJar>`, but
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#: may be any other ``cookielib.CookieJar`` compatible object.
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self.cookies = cookiejar_from_dict({})
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# Default connection adapters.
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self.adapters = OrderedDict()
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self.mount('https://', HTTPAdapter())
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self.mount('http://', HTTPAdapter())
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def __enter__(self):
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return self
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def __exit__(self, *args):
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self.close()
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def prepare_request(self, request):
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"""Constructs a :class:`PreparedRequest <PreparedRequest>` for
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transmission and returns it. The :class:`PreparedRequest` has settings
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merged from the :class:`Request <Request>` instance and those of the
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:class:`Session`.
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:param request: :class:`Request` instance to prepare with this
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session's settings.
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:rtype: requests.PreparedRequest
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"""
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cookies = request.cookies or {}
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# Bootstrap CookieJar.
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if not isinstance(cookies, cookielib.CookieJar):
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cookies = cookiejar_from_dict(cookies)
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# Merge with session cookies
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merged_cookies = merge_cookies(
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merge_cookies(RequestsCookieJar(), self.cookies), cookies)
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# Set environment's basic authentication if not explicitly set.
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auth = request.auth
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if self.trust_env and not auth and not self.auth:
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auth = get_netrc_auth(request.url)
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p = PreparedRequest()
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p.prepare(
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method=request.method.upper(),
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url=request.url,
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files=request.files,
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data=request.data,
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json=request.json,
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headers=merge_setting(request.headers, self.headers, dict_class=CaseInsensitiveDict),
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params=merge_setting(request.params, self.params),
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auth=merge_setting(auth, self.auth),
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cookies=merged_cookies,
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hooks=merge_hooks(request.hooks, self.hooks),
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)
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return p
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def request(self, method, url,
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params=None, data=None, headers=None, cookies=None, files=None,
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auth=None, timeout=None, allow_redirects=True, proxies=None,
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hooks=None, stream=None, verify=None, cert=None, json=None):
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"""Constructs a :class:`Request <Request>`, prepares it and sends it.
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Returns :class:`Response <Response>` object.
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:param method: method for the new :class:`Request` object.
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:param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
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:param params: (optional) Dictionary or bytes to be sent in the query
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string for the :class:`Request`.
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:param data: (optional) Dictionary, bytes, or file-like object to send
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in the body of the :class:`Request`.
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:param json: (optional) json to send in the body of the
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:class:`Request`.
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:param headers: (optional) Dictionary of HTTP Headers to send with the
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:class:`Request`.
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:param cookies: (optional) Dict or CookieJar object to send with the
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:class:`Request`.
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:param files: (optional) Dictionary of ``'filename': file-like-objects``
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for multipart encoding upload.
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:param auth: (optional) Auth tuple or callable to enable
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Basic/Digest/Custom HTTP Auth.
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:param timeout: (optional) How long to wait for the server to send
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data before giving up, as a float, or a :ref:`(connect timeout,
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read timeout) <timeouts>` tuple.
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:type timeout: float or tuple
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:param allow_redirects: (optional) Set to True by default.
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:type allow_redirects: bool
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:param proxies: (optional) Dictionary mapping protocol or protocol and
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hostname to the URL of the proxy.
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:param stream: (optional) whether to immediately download the response
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content. Defaults to ``False``.
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:param verify: (optional) Either a boolean, in which case it controls whether we verify
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the server's TLS certificate, or a string, in which case it must be a path
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to a CA bundle to use. Defaults to ``True``.
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:param cert: (optional) if String, path to ssl client cert file (.pem).
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If Tuple, ('cert', 'key') pair.
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:rtype: requests.Response
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"""
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# Create the Request.
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req = Request(
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method=method.upper(),
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url=url,
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headers=headers,
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files=files,
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data=data or {},
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json=json,
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params=params or {},
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auth=auth,
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cookies=cookies,
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hooks=hooks,
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)
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prep = self.prepare_request(req)
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proxies = proxies or {}
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settings = self.merge_environment_settings(
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prep.url, proxies, stream, verify, cert
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)
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# Send the request.
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send_kwargs = {
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'timeout': timeout,
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'allow_redirects': allow_redirects,
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}
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send_kwargs.update(settings)
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resp = self.send(prep, **send_kwargs)
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return resp
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def get(self, url, **kwargs):
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r"""Sends a GET request. Returns :class:`Response` object.
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:param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
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:param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes.
|
|
:rtype: requests.Response
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
kwargs.setdefault('allow_redirects', True)
|
|
return self.request('GET', url, **kwargs)
|
|
|
|
def options(self, url, **kwargs):
|
|
r"""Sends a OPTIONS request. Returns :class:`Response` object.
|
|
|
|
:param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
|
|
:param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes.
|
|
:rtype: requests.Response
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
kwargs.setdefault('allow_redirects', True)
|
|
return self.request('OPTIONS', url, **kwargs)
|
|
|
|
def head(self, url, **kwargs):
|
|
r"""Sends a HEAD request. Returns :class:`Response` object.
|
|
|
|
:param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
|
|
:param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes.
|
|
:rtype: requests.Response
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
kwargs.setdefault('allow_redirects', False)
|
|
return self.request('HEAD', url, **kwargs)
|
|
|
|
def post(self, url, data=None, json=None, **kwargs):
|
|
r"""Sends a POST request. Returns :class:`Response` object.
|
|
|
|
:param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
|
|
:param data: (optional) Dictionary, bytes, or file-like object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
|
|
:param json: (optional) json to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
|
|
:param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes.
|
|
:rtype: requests.Response
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
return self.request('POST', url, data=data, json=json, **kwargs)
|
|
|
|
def put(self, url, data=None, **kwargs):
|
|
r"""Sends a PUT request. Returns :class:`Response` object.
|
|
|
|
:param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
|
|
:param data: (optional) Dictionary, bytes, or file-like object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
|
|
:param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes.
|
|
:rtype: requests.Response
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
return self.request('PUT', url, data=data, **kwargs)
|
|
|
|
def patch(self, url, data=None, **kwargs):
|
|
r"""Sends a PATCH request. Returns :class:`Response` object.
|
|
|
|
:param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
|
|
:param data: (optional) Dictionary, bytes, or file-like object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
|
|
:param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes.
|
|
:rtype: requests.Response
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
return self.request('PATCH', url, data=data, **kwargs)
|
|
|
|
def delete(self, url, **kwargs):
|
|
r"""Sends a DELETE request. Returns :class:`Response` object.
|
|
|
|
:param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
|
|
:param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes.
|
|
:rtype: requests.Response
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
return self.request('DELETE', url, **kwargs)
|
|
|
|
def send(self, request, **kwargs):
|
|
"""Send a given PreparedRequest.
|
|
|
|
:rtype: requests.Response
|
|
"""
|
|
# Set defaults that the hooks can utilize to ensure they always have
|
|
# the correct parameters to reproduce the previous request.
|
|
kwargs.setdefault('stream', self.stream)
|
|
kwargs.setdefault('verify', self.verify)
|
|
kwargs.setdefault('cert', self.cert)
|
|
kwargs.setdefault('proxies', self.proxies)
|
|
|
|
# It's possible that users might accidentally send a Request object.
|
|
# Guard against that specific failure case.
|
|
if isinstance(request, Request):
|
|
raise ValueError('You can only send PreparedRequests.')
|
|
|
|
# Set up variables needed for resolve_redirects and dispatching of hooks
|
|
allow_redirects = kwargs.pop('allow_redirects', True)
|
|
stream = kwargs.get('stream')
|
|
hooks = request.hooks
|
|
|
|
# Get the appropriate adapter to use
|
|
adapter = self.get_adapter(url=request.url)
|
|
|
|
# Start time (approximately) of the request
|
|
start = preferred_clock()
|
|
|
|
# Send the request
|
|
r = adapter.send(request, **kwargs)
|
|
|
|
# Total elapsed time of the request (approximately)
|
|
elapsed = preferred_clock() - start
|
|
r.elapsed = timedelta(seconds=elapsed)
|
|
|
|
# Response manipulation hooks
|
|
r = dispatch_hook('response', hooks, r, **kwargs)
|
|
|
|
# Persist cookies
|
|
if r.history:
|
|
|
|
# If the hooks create history then we want those cookies too
|
|
for resp in r.history:
|
|
extract_cookies_to_jar(self.cookies, resp.request, resp.raw)
|
|
|
|
extract_cookies_to_jar(self.cookies, request, r.raw)
|
|
|
|
# Redirect resolving generator.
|
|
gen = self.resolve_redirects(r, request, **kwargs)
|
|
|
|
# Resolve redirects if allowed.
|
|
history = [resp for resp in gen] if allow_redirects else []
|
|
|
|
# Shuffle things around if there's history.
|
|
if history:
|
|
# Insert the first (original) request at the start
|
|
history.insert(0, r)
|
|
# Get the last request made
|
|
r = history.pop()
|
|
r.history = history
|
|
|
|
# If redirects aren't being followed, store the response on the Request for Response.next().
|
|
if not allow_redirects:
|
|
try:
|
|
r._next = next(self.resolve_redirects(r, request, yield_requests=True, **kwargs))
|
|
except StopIteration:
|
|
pass
|
|
|
|
if not stream:
|
|
r.content
|
|
|
|
return r
|
|
|
|
def merge_environment_settings(self, url, proxies, stream, verify, cert):
|
|
"""
|
|
Check the environment and merge it with some settings.
|
|
|
|
:rtype: dict
|
|
"""
|
|
# Gather clues from the surrounding environment.
|
|
if self.trust_env:
|
|
# Set environment's proxies.
|
|
no_proxy = proxies.get('no_proxy') if proxies is not None else None
|
|
env_proxies = get_environ_proxies(url, no_proxy=no_proxy)
|
|
for (k, v) in env_proxies.items():
|
|
proxies.setdefault(k, v)
|
|
|
|
# Look for requests environment configuration and be compatible
|
|
# with cURL.
|
|
if verify is True or verify is None:
|
|
verify = (os.environ.get('REQUESTS_CA_BUNDLE') or
|
|
os.environ.get('CURL_CA_BUNDLE'))
|
|
|
|
# Merge all the kwargs.
|
|
proxies = merge_setting(proxies, self.proxies)
|
|
stream = merge_setting(stream, self.stream)
|
|
verify = merge_setting(verify, self.verify)
|
|
cert = merge_setting(cert, self.cert)
|
|
|
|
return {'verify': verify, 'proxies': proxies, 'stream': stream,
|
|
'cert': cert}
|
|
|
|
def get_adapter(self, url):
|
|
"""
|
|
Returns the appropriate connection adapter for the given URL.
|
|
|
|
:rtype: requests.adapters.BaseAdapter
|
|
"""
|
|
for (prefix, adapter) in self.adapters.items():
|
|
|
|
if url.lower().startswith(prefix):
|
|
return adapter
|
|
|
|
# Nothing matches :-/
|
|
raise InvalidSchema("No connection adapters were found for '%s'" % url)
|
|
|
|
def close(self):
|
|
"""Closes all adapters and as such the session"""
|
|
for v in self.adapters.values():
|
|
v.close()
|
|
|
|
def mount(self, prefix, adapter):
|
|
"""Registers a connection adapter to a prefix.
|
|
|
|
Adapters are sorted in descending order by prefix length.
|
|
"""
|
|
self.adapters[prefix] = adapter
|
|
keys_to_move = [k for k in self.adapters if len(k) < len(prefix)]
|
|
|
|
for key in keys_to_move:
|
|
self.adapters[key] = self.adapters.pop(key)
|
|
|
|
def __getstate__(self):
|
|
state = dict((attr, getattr(self, attr, None)) for attr in self.__attrs__)
|
|
return state
|
|
|
|
def __setstate__(self, state):
|
|
for attr, value in state.items():
|
|
setattr(self, attr, value)
|
|
|
|
|
|
def session():
|
|
"""
|
|
Returns a :class:`Session` for context-management.
|
|
|
|
:rtype: Session
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
return Session()
|