Update README to point at v0.12.0

https://github.com/icy-arctic-fox/spectator/issues/55

.gitignore

@@ -10,3 +10,5 @@
 
 # Ignore JUnit output
 output.xml
+
+/test.cr

.gitlab-ci.yml

@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ before_script:
 
 spec:
   script:
-    - crystal spec --error-on-warnings --junit_output=. spec/runtime_example_spec.cr spec/matchers/ spec/spectator/*.cr
+    - crystal spec --error-on-warnings --junit_output=. spec/matchers/ spec/spectator/*.cr
   artifacts:
     when: always
     paths:

CHANGELOG.md

@@ -4,6 +4,61 @@ All notable changes to this project will be documented in this file.
 The format is based on [Keep a Changelog](https://keepachangelog.com/en/1.0.0/),
 and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.html).
 
+## [0.12.0] - 2024-02-03
+### Added
+- Added ability to use matchers for case equality. [#55](https://github.com/icy-arctic-fox/spectator/issues/55)
+- Added support for nested case equality when checking arguments with Array, Tuple, Hash, and NamedTuple.
+
+### Fixed
+- Fixed some issues with the `be_within` matcher when used with expected and union types.
+
+## [0.11.7] - 2023-10-16
+### Fixed
+- Fix memoized value (`let`) with a union type causing segfault. [#81](https://gitlab.com/arctic-fox/spectator/-/issues/81)
+
+## [0.11.6] - 2023-01-26
+### Added
+- Added ability to cast types using the return value from expect/should statements with a type matcher.
+- Added support for string interpolation in context names/labels.
+
+### Fixed
+- Fix invalid syntax (unterminated call) when recording calls to stubs with an un-named splat. [#51](https://github.com/icy-arctic-fox/spectator/issues/51)
+- Fix malformed method signature when using named splat with keyword arguments in mocked type. [#49](https://github.com/icy-arctic-fox/spectator/issues/49)
+
+### Changed
+- Expectations using 'should' syntax report file and line where the 'should' keyword is instead of the test start.
+- Add non-captured block argument in preparation for Crystal 1.8.0.
+
+## [0.11.5] - 2022-12-18
+### Added
+- Added support for mock modules and types that include mocked modules.
+
+### Fixed
+- Fix macro logic to support free variables, 'self', and variants on stubbed methods. [#48](https://github.com/icy-arctic-fox/spectator/issues/48)
+- Fix method stubs used on methods that capture blocks.
+- Fix type name resolution for when using custom types in a mocked typed.
+- Prevent comparing range arguments with non-compatible types in stubs. [#48](https://github.com/icy-arctic-fox/spectator/issues/48)
+
+### Changed
+- Simplify string representation of mock-related types.
+- Remove unnecessary redefinitions of methods when adding stub functionality to a type.
+- Allow metadata to be stored as nil to reduce overhead when tracking nodes without tags.
+- Use normal equality (==) instead of case-equality (===) with proc arguments in stubs.
+- Change stub value cast logic to avoid compiler bug. [#80](https://gitlab.com/arctic-fox/spectator/-/issues/80)
+
+## [0.11.4] - 2022-11-27
+### Added
+- Add support for using named (keyword) arguments in place of positional arguments in stubs. [#47](https://github.com/icy-arctic-fox/spectator/issues/47)
+- Add `before`, `after`, and `around` as aliases for `before_each`, `after_each`, and `around_each` respectively.
+
+### Fixed
+- Clear stubs defined with `expect().to receive()` syntax after test finishes to prevent leakage between tests.
+- Ensure stubs defined with `allow().to receive()` syntax are cleared after test finishes when used inside a test (another leakage).
+- Fix crash caused when logging is enabled after running an example that attempts to exit.
+
+### Removed
+- Removed support for stubbing undefined (untyped) methods in lazy doubles. Avoids possible segfault.
+
 ## [0.11.3] - 2022-09-03
 ### Fixed
 - Display error block (failure message and stack trace) when using `fail`. [#78](https://gitlab.com/arctic-fox/spectator/-/issues/78)
@@ -403,7 +458,12 @@ This has been changed so that it compiles and raises an error at runtime with a
 First version ready for public use.
 
 
-[Unreleased]: https://gitlab.com/arctic-fox/spectator/-/compare/v0.11.3...master
+[Unreleased]: https://gitlab.com/arctic-fox/spectator/-/compare/v0.12.0...master
+[0.12.0]: https://gitlab.com/arctic-fox/spectator/-/compare/v0.11.7...v0.12.0
+[0.11.7]: https://gitlab.com/arctic-fox/spectator/-/compare/v0.11.6...v0.11.7
+[0.11.6]: https://gitlab.com/arctic-fox/spectator/-/compare/v0.11.5...v0.11.6
+[0.11.5]: https://gitlab.com/arctic-fox/spectator/-/compare/v0.11.4...v0.11.5
+[0.11.4]: https://gitlab.com/arctic-fox/spectator/-/compare/v0.11.3...v0.11.4
 [0.11.3]: https://gitlab.com/arctic-fox/spectator/-/compare/v0.11.2...v0.11.3
 [0.11.2]: https://gitlab.com/arctic-fox/spectator/-/compare/v0.11.1...v0.11.2
 [0.11.1]: https://gitlab.com/arctic-fox/spectator/-/compare/v0.11.0...v0.11.1

README.md

@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ Add this to your application's `shard.yml`:
 development_dependencies:
   spectator:
     gitlab: arctic-fox/spectator
-    version: ~> 0.11.0
+    version: ~> 0.12.0
 ```
 
 Usage
@@ -287,7 +287,7 @@ Spectator.describe Driver do
     # Call the mock method.
     subject.do_something(interface, dbl)
     # Verify everything went okay.
-    expect(interface).to have_received(:invoke).with(thing)
+    expect(interface).to have_received(:invoke).with(dbl)
   end
 end
 ```

shard.yml

@@ -1,16 +1,16 @@
 name: spectator
-version: 0.11.3
+version: 0.12.0
 description: |
   Feature-rich testing framework for Crystal inspired by RSpec.
 
 authors:
   - Michael Miller <icy.arctic.fox@gmail.com>
 
-crystal: 1.5.0
+crystal: 1.6.0
 
 license: MIT
 
 development_dependencies:
   ameba:
     github: crystal-ameba/ameba
-    version: ~> 1.0.0
+    version: ~> 1.2.0

spec/docs/custom_matchers_spec.cr

@@ -75,8 +75,8 @@ Spectator.describe "Custom Matchers Docs" do
     end
 
     macro be_odd
-    OddMatcher.new
-  end
+      OddMatcher.new
+    end
 
     specify do
       expect(9).to be_odd

spec/docs/mocks_spec.cr

@@ -123,6 +123,109 @@ Spectator.describe "Mocks Docs" do
     end
   end
 
+  context "Mock Modules" do
+    module MyModule
+      def something
+        # ...
+      end
+    end
+
+    describe "#something" do
+      # Define a mock for MyModule.
+      mock MyClass
+
+      it "does something" do
+        # Use mock here.
+      end
+    end
+
+    module MyFileUtils
+      def self.rm_rf(path)
+        # ...
+      end
+    end
+
+    mock MyFileUtils
+
+    it "deletes all of my files" do
+      utils = class_mock(MyFileUtils)
+      allow(utils).to receive(:rm_rf)
+      utils.rm_rf("/")
+      expect(utils).to have_received(:rm_rf).with("/")
+    end
+
+    module MyFileUtils2
+      extend self
+
+      def rm_rf(path)
+        # ...
+      end
+    end
+
+    mock(MyFileUtils2) do
+      # Define a default stub for the method.
+      stub def self.rm_rf(path)
+        # ...
+      end
+    end
+
+    it "deletes all of my files part 2" do
+      utils = class_mock(MyFileUtils2)
+      allow(utils).to receive(:rm_rf)
+      utils.rm_rf("/")
+      expect(utils).to have_received(:rm_rf).with("/")
+    end
+
+    module Runnable
+      def run
+        # ...
+      end
+    end
+
+    mock Runnable
+
+    specify do
+      runnable = mock(Runnable) # or new_mock(Runnable)
+      runnable.run
+    end
+
+    module Runnable2
+      abstract def command : String
+
+      def run_one
+        "Running #{command}"
+      end
+    end
+
+    mock Runnable2, command: "ls -l"
+
+    specify do
+      runnable = mock(Runnable2)
+      expect(runnable.run_one).to eq("Running ls -l")
+      runnable = mock(Runnable2, command: "echo foo")
+      expect(runnable.run_one).to eq("Running echo foo")
+    end
+
+    context "Injecting Mocks" do
+      module MyFileUtils
+        def self.rm_rf(path)
+          true
+        end
+      end
+
+      inject_mock MyFileUtils do
+        stub def self.rm_rf(path)
+          "Simulating deletion of #{path}"
+          false
+        end
+      end
+
+      specify do
+        expect(MyFileUtils.rm_rf("/")).to be_false
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
   context "Injecting Mocks" do
     struct MyStruct
       def something
@@ -146,9 +249,9 @@ Spectator.describe "Mocks Docs" do
       inst.something
     end
 
-    it "leaks stubs to other examples" do
+    it "reverts to default stub for other examples" do
       inst = mock(MyStruct)
-      expect(inst.something).to eq(7) # Previous stub was leaked.
+      expect(inst.something).to eq(5) # Default stub used instead of original behavior.
     end
   end
 end

spec/docs/readme_spec.cr

@@ -1,26 +1,28 @@
 require "../spec_helper"
 
-private abstract class Interface
-  abstract def invoke(thing) : String
-end
+module Readme
+  abstract class Interface
+    abstract def invoke(thing) : String
+  end
 
-# Type being tested.
-private class Driver
-  def do_something(interface : Interface, thing)
-    interface.invoke(thing)
+  # Type being tested.
+  class Driver
+    def do_something(interface : Interface, thing)
+      interface.invoke(thing)
+    end
   end
 end
 
-Spectator.describe Driver do
+Spectator.describe Readme::Driver do
   # Define a mock for Interface.
-  mock Interface
+  mock Readme::Interface
 
   # Define a double that the interface will use.
   double(:my_double, foo: 42)
 
   it "does a thing" do
     # Create an instance of the mock interface.
-    interface = mock(Interface)
+    interface = mock(Readme::Interface)
     # Indicate that `#invoke` should return "test" when called.
     allow(interface).to receive(:invoke).and_return("test")
 

spec/features/expect_type_spec.cr

@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+require "../spec_helper"
+
+Spectator.describe "Expect Type", :smoke do
+  context "with expect syntax" do
+    it "ensures a type is cast" do
+      value = 42.as(String | Int32)
+      expect(value).to be_a(String | Int32)
+      expect(value).to compile_as(String | Int32)
+      value = expect(value).to be_a(Int32)
+      expect(value).to eq(42)
+      expect(value).to be_a(Int32)
+      expect(value).to compile_as(Int32)
+      expect(value).to_not respond_to(:downcase)
+    end
+
+    it "ensures a type is not nil" do
+      value = 42.as(Int32?)
+      expect(value).to be_a(Int32?)
+      expect(value).to compile_as(Int32?)
+      value = expect(value).to_not be_nil
+      expect(value).to eq(42)
+      expect(value).to be_a(Int32)
+      expect(value).to compile_as(Int32)
+      expect { value.not_nil! }.to_not raise_error(NilAssertionError)
+    end
+
+    it "removes types from a union" do
+      value = 42.as(String | Int32)
+      expect(value).to be_a(String | Int32)
+      expect(value).to compile_as(String | Int32)
+      value = expect(value).to_not be_a(String)
+      expect(value).to eq(42)
+      expect(value).to be_a(Int32)
+      expect(value).to compile_as(Int32)
+      expect(value).to_not respond_to(:downcase)
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "with should syntax" do
+    it "ensures a type is cast" do
+      value = 42.as(String | Int32)
+      value.should be_a(String | Int32)
+      value = value.should be_a(Int32)
+      value.should eq(42)
+      value.should be_a(Int32)
+      value.should compile_as(Int32)
+      value.should_not respond_to(:downcase)
+    end
+
+    it "ensures a type is not nil" do
+      value = 42.as(Int32?)
+      value.should be_a(Int32?)
+      value = value.should_not be_nil
+      value.should eq(42)
+      value.should be_a(Int32)
+      value.should compile_as(Int32)
+      expect { value.not_nil! }.to_not raise_error(NilAssertionError)
+    end
+
+    it "removes types from a union" do
+      value = 42.as(String | Int32)
+      value.should be_a(String | Int32)
+      value = value.should_not be_a(String)
+      value.should eq(42)
+      value.should be_a(Int32)
+      value.should compile_as(Int32)
+      value.should_not respond_to(:downcase)
+    end
+  end
+end

spec/features/interpolated_label_spec.cr

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+require "../spec_helper"
+
+Spectator.describe "Interpolated Label", :smoke do
+  let(foo) { "example" }
+  let(bar) { "context" }
+
+  it "interpolates #{foo} labels" do |example|
+    expect(example.name).to eq("interpolates example labels")
+  end
+
+  context "within a #{bar}" do
+    let(foo) { "multiple" }
+
+    it "interpolates context labels" do |example|
+      expect(example.group.name).to eq("within a context")
+    end
+
+    it "interpolates #{foo} levels" do |example|
+      expect(example.name).to eq("interpolates multiple levels")
+    end
+  end
+end

spec/helpers/example.cr

@@ -1,71 +0,0 @@
-require "ecr"
-require "json"
-require "./result"
-
-module Spectator::SpecHelpers
-  # Wrapper for compiling and running an example at runtime and getting a result.
-  class Example
-    # Creates the example.
-    # The *spec_helper_path* is the path to spec_helper.cr file.
-    # The name or ID of the example is given by *example_id*.
-    # Lastly, the source code for the example is given by *example_code*.
-    def initialize(@spec_helper_path : String, @example_id : String, @example_code : String)
-    end
-
-    # Instructs the Crystal compiler to compile the test.
-    # Returns an instance of `JSON::Any`.
-    # This will be the outcome and information about the test.
-    # Output will be suppressed for the test.
-    # If an error occurs while attempting to compile and run the test, an error will be raised.
-    def compile
-      # Create a temporary file containing the test.
-      with_tempfile do |source_file|
-        args = ["run", "--no-color", source_file, "--", "--json"]
-        Process.run(crystal_executable, args) do |process|
-          JSON.parse(process.output)
-        rescue JSON::ParseException
-          raise "Compilation of example #{@example_id} failed\n\n#{process.error.gets_to_end}"
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Same as `#compile`, but returns the result of the first example in the test.
-    # Returns a `SpectatorHelpers::Result` instance.
-    def result
-      output = compile
-      example = output["examples"][0]
-      Result.from_json_any(example)
-    end
-
-    # Constructs the string representation of the example.
-    # This produces the Crystal source code.
-    # *io* is the file handle to write to.
-    # The *dir* is the directory of the file being written to.
-    # This is needed to resolve the relative path to the spec_helper.cr file.
-    private def write(io, dir)
-      spec_helper_path = Path[@spec_helper_path].relative_to(dir) # ameba:disable Lint/UselessAssign
-      ECR.embed(__DIR__ + "/example.ecr", io)
-    end
-
-    # Creates a temporary file containing the compilable example code.
-    # Yields the path of the temporary file.
-    # Ensures the file is deleted after it is done being used.
-    private def with_tempfile
-      tempfile = File.tempfile("_#{@example_id}_spec.cr") do |file|
-        dir = File.dirname(file.path)
-        write(file, dir)
-      end
-
-      begin
-        yield tempfile.path
-      ensure
-        tempfile.delete
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Attempts to find the Crystal compiler on the system or raises an error.
-    private def crystal_executable
-      Process.find_executable("crystal") || raise("Could not find Crystal compiler")
-    end
-  end
-end

spec/helpers/example.ecr

@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-require "<%= spec_helper_path %>"
-
-Spectator.describe "<%= @example_id %>" do
-  <%= @example_code %>
-end

spec/helpers/expectation.cr

@@ -1,28 +0,0 @@
-module Spectator::SpecHelpers
-  # Information about an `expect` call in an example.
-  struct Expectation
-    # Indicates whether the expectation passed or failed.
-    getter? satisfied : Bool
-
-    # Message when the expectation failed.
-    # Only available when `#satisfied?` is false.
-    getter! message : String
-
-    # Additional information about the expectation.
-    # Only available when `#satisfied?` is false.
-    getter! values : Hash(String, String)
-
-    # Creates the expectation outcome.
-    def initialize(@satisfied, @message, @values)
-    end
-
-    # Extracts the expectation information from a `JSON::Any` object.
-    def self.from_json_any(object : JSON::Any)
-      satisfied = object["satisfied"].as_bool
-      message = object["failure"]?.try(&.as_s?)
-      values = object["values"]?.try(&.as_h?)
-      values = values.transform_values(&.as_s) if values
-      new(satisfied, message, values)
-    end
-  end
-end

spec/helpers/result.cr

@@ -1,67 +0,0 @@
-module Spectator::SpecHelpers
-  # Information about an example compiled and run at runtime.
-  struct Result
-    # Status of the example after running.
-    enum Outcome
-      Success
-      Failure
-      Error
-      Unknown
-    end
-
-    # Full name and description of the example.
-    getter name : String
-
-    # Status of the example after running.
-    getter outcome : Outcome
-
-    # List of expectations ran in the example.
-    getter expectations : Array(Expectation)
-
-    # Creates the result.
-    def initialize(@name, @outcome, @expectations)
-    end
-
-    # Checks if the example was successful.
-    def success?
-      outcome.success?
-    end
-
-    # :ditto:
-    def successful?
-      outcome.success?
-    end
-
-    # Checks if the example failed, but did not error.
-    def failure?
-      outcome.failure?
-    end
-
-    # Checks if the example encountered an error.
-    def error?
-      outcome.error?
-    end
-
-    # Extracts the result information from a `JSON::Any` object.
-    def self.from_json_any(object : JSON::Any)
-      name = object["description"].as_s
-      outcome = parse_outcome_string(object["status"].as_s)
-      expectations = if (list = object["expectations"].as_a?)
-                       list.map { |e| Expectation.from_json_any(e) }
-                     else
-                       [] of Expectation
-                     end
-      new(name, outcome, expectations)
-    end
-
-    # Converts a result string, such as "fail" to an enum value.
-    private def self.parse_outcome_string(string)
-      case string
-      when /pass/i  then Outcome::Success
-      when /fail/i  then Outcome::Failure
-      when /error/i then Outcome::Error
-      else               Outcome::Unknown
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end

spec/issues/github_issue_44_spec.cr

@@ -9,12 +9,32 @@ Spectator.describe "GitHub Issue #44" do
   let(command) { "ls -l" }
   let(exception) { File::NotFoundError.new("File not found", file: "test.file") }
 
-  before_each do
-    expect(Process).to receive(:run).with(command, shell: true, output: :pipe).and_raise(exception)
+  context "with positional arguments" do
+    before_each do
+      pipe = Process::Redirect::Pipe
+      expect(Process).to receive(:run).with(command, nil, nil, false, true, pipe, pipe, pipe, nil).and_raise(exception)
+    end
+
+    it "must stub Process.run" do
+      expect do
+        Process.run(command, shell: true, output: :pipe) do |_process|
+        end
+      end.to raise_error(File::NotFoundError, "File not found")
+    end
   end
 
-  skip "must stub Process.run", skip: "Method mock not applied" do
-    Process.run(command, shell: true, output: :pipe) do |_process|
+  # Original issue uses keyword arguments in place of positional arguments.
+  context "keyword arguments in place of positional arguments" do
+    before_each do
+      pipe = Process::Redirect::Pipe
+      expect(Process).to receive(:run).with(command, shell: true, output: pipe).and_raise(exception)
+    end
+
+    it "must stub Process.run" do
+      expect do
+        Process.run(command, shell: true, output: :pipe) do |_process|
+        end
+      end.to raise_error(File::NotFoundError, "File not found")
     end
   end
 end

spec/issues/github_issue_47_spec.cr

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+require "../spec_helper"
+
+Spectator.describe "GitHub Issue #47" do
+  class Original
+    def foo(arg1, arg2)
+      # ...
+    end
+  end
+
+  mock Original
+
+  let(fake) { mock(Original) }
+
+  specify do
+    expect(fake).to receive(:foo).with("arg1", arg2: "arg2")
+    fake.foo("arg1", "arg2")
+  end
+end

spec/issues/github_issue_48_spec.cr

@@ -0,0 +1,135 @@
+require "../spec_helper"
+
+Spectator.describe "GitHub Issue #48" do
+  class Test
+    def return_this(thing : T) : T forall T
+      thing
+    end
+
+    def map(thing : T, & : T -> U) : U forall T, U
+      yield thing
+    end
+
+    def make_nilable(thing : T) : T? forall T
+      thing.as(T?)
+    end
+
+    def itself : self
+      self
+    end
+
+    def itself? : self?
+      self.as(self?)
+    end
+
+    def generic(thing : T) : Array(T) forall T
+      Array.new(100) { thing }
+    end
+
+    def union : Int32 | String
+      42.as(Int32 | String)
+    end
+
+    def capture(&block : -> T) forall T
+      block
+    end
+
+    def capture(thing : T, &block : T -> T) forall T
+      block.call(thing)
+      block
+    end
+
+    def range(r : Range)
+      r
+    end
+  end
+
+  mock Test, make_nilable: nil
+
+  let(fake) { mock(Test) }
+
+  it "handles free variables" do
+    allow(fake).to receive(:return_this).and_return("different")
+    expect(fake.return_this("test")).to eq("different")
+  end
+
+  it "raises on type cast error with free variables" do
+    allow(fake).to receive(:return_this).and_return(42)
+    expect { fake.return_this("test") }.to raise_error(TypeCastError, /String/)
+  end
+
+  it "handles free variables with a block" do
+    allow(fake).to receive(:map).and_return("stub")
+    expect(fake.map(:mapped, &.to_s)).to eq("stub")
+  end
+
+  it "raises on type cast error with a block and free variables" do
+    allow(fake).to receive(:map).and_return(42)
+    expect { fake.map(:mapped, &.to_s) }.to raise_error(TypeCastError, /String/)
+  end
+
+  it "handles nilable free variables" do
+    expect(fake.make_nilable("foo")).to be_nil
+  end
+
+  it "handles 'self' return type" do
+    not_self = mock(Test)
+    allow(fake).to receive(:itself).and_return(not_self)
+    expect(fake.itself).to be(not_self)
+  end
+
+  it "raises on type cast error with 'self' return type" do
+    allow(fake).to receive(:itself).and_return(42)
+    expect { fake.itself }.to raise_error(TypeCastError, /#{class_mock(Test)}/)
+  end
+
+  it "handles nilable 'self' return type" do
+    not_self = mock(Test)
+    allow(fake).to receive(:itself?).and_return(not_self)
+    expect(fake.itself?).to be(not_self)
+  end
+
+  it "handles generic return type" do
+    allow(fake).to receive(:generic).and_return([42])
+    expect(fake.generic(42)).to eq([42])
+  end
+
+  it "raises on type cast error with generic return type" do
+    allow(fake).to receive(:generic).and_return("test")
+    expect { fake.generic(42) }.to raise_error(TypeCastError, /Array\(Int32\)/)
+  end
+
+  it "handles union return types" do
+    allow(fake).to receive(:union).and_return("test")
+    expect(fake.union).to eq("test")
+  end
+
+  it "raises on type cast error with union return type" do
+    allow(fake).to receive(:union).and_return(:test)
+    expect { fake.union }.to raise_error(TypeCastError, /Symbol/)
+  end
+
+  it "handles captured blocks" do
+    proc = ->{}
+    allow(fake).to receive(:capture).and_return(proc)
+    expect(fake.capture { nil }).to be(proc)
+  end
+
+  it "raises on type cast error with captured blocks" do
+    proc = ->{ 42 }
+    allow(fake).to receive(:capture).and_return(proc)
+    expect { fake.capture { "other" } }.to raise_error(TypeCastError, /Proc\(String\)/)
+  end
+
+  it "handles captured blocks with arguments" do
+    proc = ->(x : Int32) { x * 2 }
+    allow(fake).to receive(:capture).and_return(proc)
+    expect(fake.capture(5) { 5 }).to be(proc)
+  end
+
+  it "handles range comparisons against non-comparable types" do
+    range = 1..10
+    allow(fake).to receive(:range).and_return(range)
+    expect(fake.range(1..3)).to eq(range)
+  end
+end

spec/issues/github_issue_49_spec.cr

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+require "../spec_helper"
+
+# https://github.com/icy-arctic-fox/spectator/issues/49
+Spectator.describe "GitHub Issue #49" do
+  # mock File
+end

spec/issues/github_issue_55_spec.cr

@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+require "../spec_helper"
+
+Spectator.describe "GitHub Issue #55" do
+  GROUP_NAME = "CallCenter"
+
+  let(name) { "TimeTravel" }
+  let(source) { "my.time.travel.experiment" }
+
+  class Analytics(T)
+    property start_time = Time.local
+    property end_time = Time.local
+
+    def initialize(@brain_talker : T)
+    end
+
+    def instrument(*, name, source, &)
+      @brain_talker.send(payload: {
+        :group  => GROUP_NAME,
+        :name   => name,
+        :source => source,
+        :start  => start_time,
+        :end    => end_time,
+      }, action: "analytics")
+    end
+  end
+
+  double(:brain_talker, send: nil)
+
+  let(brain_talker) { double(:brain_talker) }
+  let(analytics) { Analytics.new(brain_talker) }
+
+  it "tracks the time it takes to run the block" do
+    analytics.start_time = expected_start_time = Time.local
+    expected_end_time = expected_start_time + 10.seconds
+    analytics.end_time = expected_end_time + 0.5.seconds # Offset to ensure non-exact match.
+
+    analytics.instrument(name: name, source: source) do
+    end
+
+    expect(brain_talker).to have_received(:send).with(payload: {
+      :group  => GROUP_NAME,
+      :name   => name,
+      :source => source,
+      :start  => expected_start_time,
+      :end    => be_within(1.second).of(expected_end_time),
+    }, action: "analytics")
+  end
+end

spec/issues/gitlab_issue_51_spec.cr

@@ -1,31 +1,33 @@
 require "../spec_helper"
 
-private class Foo
-  def call(str : String) : String?
-    ""
+module GitLabIssue51
+  class Foo
+    def call(str : String) : String?
+      ""
+    end
+
+    def alt1_call(str : String) : String?
+      nil
+    end
+
+    def alt2_call(str : String) : String?
+      [str, nil].sample
+    end
   end
 
-  def alt1_call(str : String) : String?
-    nil
-  end
-
-  def alt2_call(str : String) : String?
-    [str, nil].sample
+  class Bar
+    def call(a_foo) : Nil # Must add nil restriction here, otherwise a segfault occurs from returning the result of #alt2_call.
+      a_foo.call("")
+      a_foo.alt1_call("")
+      a_foo.alt2_call("")
+    end
   end
 end
 
-private class Bar
-  def call(a_foo) : Nil # Must add nil restriction here, otherwise a segfault occurs from returning the result of #alt2_call.
-    a_foo.call("")
-    a_foo.alt1_call("")
-    a_foo.alt2_call("")
-  end
-end
+Spectator.describe GitLabIssue51::Bar do
+  mock GitLabIssue51::Foo, call: "", alt1_call: "", alt2_call: ""
 
-Spectator.describe Bar do
-  mock Foo, call: "", alt1_call: "", alt2_call: ""
-
-  let(:foo) { mock(Foo) }
+  let(:foo) { mock(GitLabIssue51::Foo) }
   subject(:call) { described_class.new.call(foo) }
 
   describe "#call" do

spec/issues/gitlab_issue_80_spec.cr

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+require "../spec_helper"
+
+# https://gitlab.com/arctic-fox/spectator/-/issues/80
+
+class Item
+end
+
+class ItemUser
+  @item = Item.new
+
+  def item
+    @item
+  end
+end
+
+Spectator.describe "test1" do
+  it "without mock" do
+    item_user = ItemUser.new
+    item = item_user.item
+    item == item
+  end
+end
+
+Spectator.describe "test2" do
+  mock Item do
+  end
+
+  it "without mock" do
+  end
+end

spec/matchers/receive_matcher_spec.cr

@@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ Spectator.describe Spectator::Matchers::ReceiveMatcher do
       end
 
       context "with method calls" do
-        before_each do
+        before do
           dbl.test_method
           dbl.test_method(1, "wrong", :xyz, foo: "foobarbaz")
           dbl.irrelevant("foo")
@@ -289,14 +289,14 @@ Spectator.describe Spectator::Matchers::ReceiveMatcher do
 
       pre_condition { expect(match_data).to be_a(failed_match) }
 
-      before_each do
+      before do
         dbl.test_method
         dbl.test_method(1, "test", :xyz, foo: "foobarbaz")
         dbl.irrelevant("foo")
       end
 
       it "has the expected call listed" do
-        is_expected.to contain({:expected, "Not #{stub}"})
+        is_expected.to contain({:expected, "Not #{stub.message}"})
       end
 
       it "has the list of called methods" do

spec/rspec/core/explicit_subject_spec.cr

@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ Spectator.describe "Explicit Subject" do
     describe Array(Int32) do # TODO: Multiple arguments to describe/context.
       subject { [] of Int32 }
 
-      before_each { subject.push(1, 2, 3) }
+      before { subject.push(1, 2, 3) }
 
       it "has the prescribed elements" do
         expect(subject).to eq([1, 2, 3])

spec/runtime_example_spec.cr

@@ -1,58 +0,0 @@
-require "./spec_helper"
-
-# This is a meta test that ensures specs can be compiled and run at runtime.
-# The purpose of this is to report an error if this process fails.
-# Other tests will fail, but display a different name/description of the test.
-# This clearly indicates that runtime testing failed.
-#
-# Runtime compilation is used to get output of tests as well as check syntax.
-# Some specs are too complex to be ran normally.
-# Additionally, this allows examples to easily check specific failure cases.
-# Plus, it makes testing user-reported issues easy.
-Spectator.describe "Runtime compilation", :slow, :compile do
-  given_example passing_example do
-    it "does something" do
-      expect(true).to be_true
-    end
-  end
-
-  it "can compile and retrieve the result of an example" do
-    expect(passing_example).to be_successful
-  end
-
-  it "can retrieve expectations" do
-    expect(passing_example.expectations).to_not be_empty
-  end
-
-  given_example failing_example do
-    it "does something" do
-      expect(true).to be_false
-    end
-
-    it "doesn't run" do
-      expect(true).to be_false
-    end
-  end
-
-  it "detects failed examples" do
-    expect(failing_example).to be_failure
-  end
-
-  given_example malformed_example do
-    it "does something" do
-      asdf
-    end
-  end
-
-  it "raises on compilation errors" do
-    expect { malformed_example }.to raise_error(/compilation/i)
-  end
-
-  given_expectation satisfied_expectation do
-    expect(true).to be_true
-  end
-
-  it "can compile and retrieve expectations" do
-    expect(satisfied_expectation).to be_satisfied
-  end
-end

spec/spec_helper.cr

@@ -15,35 +15,3 @@ end
 macro specify_fails(description = nil, &block)
   it_fails {{description}} {{block}}
 end
-
-# Defines an example ("it" block) that is lazily compiled.
-# When the example is referenced with *id*, it will be compiled and the results retrieved.
-# The value returned by *id* will be a `Spectator::SpecHelpers::Result`.
-# This allows the test result to be inspected.
-macro given_example(id, &block)
-  let({{id}}) do
-    ::Spectator::SpecHelpers::Example.new(
-      {{__FILE__}},
-      {{id.id.stringify}},
-      {{block.body.stringify}}
-    ).result
-  end
-end
-
-# Defines an example ("it" block) that is lazily compiled.
-# The "it" block must be omitted, as the block provided to this macro will be wrapped in one.
-# When the expectation is referenced with *id*, it will be compiled and the result retrieved.
-# The value returned by *id* will be a `Spectator::SpecHelpers::Expectation`.
-# This allows an expectation to be inspected.
-# Only the last expectation performed will be returned.
-# An error is raised if no expectations ran.
-macro given_expectation(id, &block)
-  let({{id}}) do
-    result = ::Spectator::SpecHelpers::Example.new(
-      {{__FILE__}},
-      {{id.id.stringify}},
-      {{"it do\n" + block.body.stringify + "\nend"}}
-    ).result
-    result.expectations.last || raise("No expectations found from {{id.id}}")
-  end
-end

spec/spectator/dsl/mocks/allow_receive_spec.cr

@@ -0,0 +1,188 @@
+require "../../../spec_helper"
+
+Spectator.describe "Allow stub DSL" do
+  context "with a double" do
+    double(:dbl) do
+      # Ensure the original is never called.
+      stub abstract def foo : Nil
+      stub abstract def foo(arg) : Nil
+      stub abstract def value : Int32
+    end
+
+    let(dbl) { double(:dbl) }
+
+    # Ensure invocations don't leak between examples.
+    pre_condition { expect(dbl).to_not have_received(:foo), "Leaked method calls from previous examples" }
+
+    # Ensure stubs don't leak between examples.
+    pre_condition do
+      expect { dbl.foo }.to raise_error(Spectator::UnexpectedMessage)
+    end
+
+    it "matches when a message is received" do
+      allow(dbl).to receive(:foo)
+      expect { dbl.foo }.to_not raise_error
+    end
+
+    it "returns the correct value" do
+      allow(dbl).to receive(:value).and_return(42)
+      expect(dbl.value).to eq(42)
+    end
+
+    it "matches when a message is received with matching arguments" do
+      allow(dbl).to receive(:foo).with(:bar)
+      expect { dbl.foo(:bar) }.to_not raise_error
+    end
+
+    it "raises when a message without arguments is received" do
+      allow(dbl).to receive(:foo).with(:bar)
+      expect { dbl.foo }.to raise_error(Spectator::UnexpectedMessage, /foo/)
+    end
+
+    it "raises when a message with different arguments is received" do
+      allow(dbl).to receive(:foo).with(:baz)
+      expect { dbl.foo(:bar) }.to raise_error(Spectator::UnexpectedMessage, /foo/)
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "with a class double" do
+    double(:dbl) do
+      # Ensure the original is never called.
+      abstract_stub def self.foo : Nil
+      end
+
+      abstract_stub def self.foo(arg) : Nil
+      end
+
+      abstract_stub def self.value : Int32
+        42
+      end
+    end
+
+    let(dbl) { class_double(:dbl) }
+
+    # Ensure invocations don't leak between examples.
+    pre_condition { expect(dbl).to_not have_received(:foo), "Leaked method calls from previous examples" }
+
+    # Ensure stubs don't leak between examples.
+    pre_condition do
+      expect { dbl.foo }.to raise_error(Spectator::UnexpectedMessage)
+    end
+
+    it "matches when a message is received" do
+      allow(dbl).to receive(:foo)
+      expect { dbl.foo }.to_not raise_error
+    end
+
+    it "returns the correct value" do
+      allow(dbl).to receive(:value).and_return(42)
+      expect(dbl.value).to eq(42)
+    end
+
+    it "matches when a message is received with matching arguments" do
+      allow(dbl).to receive(:foo).with(:bar)
+      expect { dbl.foo(:bar) }.to_not raise_error
+    end
+
+    it "raises when a message without arguments is received" do
+      allow(dbl).to receive(:foo).with(:bar)
+      expect { dbl.foo }.to raise_error(Spectator::UnexpectedMessage, /foo/)
+    end
+
+    it "raises when a message with different arguments is received" do
+      allow(dbl).to receive(:foo).with(:baz)
+      expect { dbl.foo(:bar) }.to raise_error(Spectator::UnexpectedMessage, /foo/)
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "with a mock" do
+    abstract class MyClass
+      abstract def foo : Int32
+      abstract def foo(arg) : Int32
+    end
+
+    mock(MyClass)
+
+    let(fake) { mock(MyClass) }
+
+    # Ensure invocations don't leak between examples.
+    pre_condition { expect(fake).to_not have_received(:foo), "Leaked method calls from previous examples" }
+
+    # Ensure stubs don't leak between examples.
+    pre_condition do
+      expect { fake.foo }.to raise_error(Spectator::UnexpectedMessage)
+    end
+
+    it "matches when a message is received" do
+      allow(fake).to receive(:foo).and_return(42)
+      expect(fake.foo).to eq(42)
+    end
+
+    it "returns the correct value" do
+      allow(fake).to receive(:foo).and_return(42)
+      expect(fake.foo).to eq(42)
+    end
+
+    it "matches when a message is received with matching arguments" do
+      allow(fake).to receive(:foo).with(:bar).and_return(42)
+      expect(fake.foo(:bar)).to eq(42)
+    end
+
+    it "raises when a message without arguments is received" do
+      allow(fake).to receive(:foo).with(:bar)
+      expect { fake.foo }.to raise_error(Spectator::UnexpectedMessage, /foo/)
+    end
+
+    it "raises when a message with different arguments is received" do
+      allow(fake).to receive(:foo).with(:baz)
+      expect { fake.foo(:bar) }.to raise_error(Spectator::UnexpectedMessage, /foo/)
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "with a class mock" do
+    class MyClass
+      def self.foo : Int32
+        42
+      end
+
+      def self.foo(arg) : Int32
+        42
+      end
+    end
+
+    mock(MyClass)
+
+    let(fake) { class_mock(MyClass) }
+
+    # Ensure invocations don't leak between examples.
+    pre_condition { expect(fake).to_not have_received(:foo), "Leaked method calls from previous examples" }
+
+    # Ensure stubs don't leak between examples.
+    pre_condition { expect(fake.foo).to eq(42) }
+
+    it "matches when a message is received" do
+      allow(fake).to receive(:foo).and_return(0)
+      expect(fake.foo).to eq(0)
+    end
+
+    it "returns the correct value" do
+      allow(fake).to receive(:foo).and_return(0)
+      expect(fake.foo).to eq(0)
+    end
+
+    it "matches when a message is received with matching arguments" do
+      allow(fake).to receive(:foo).with(:bar).and_return(0)
+      expect(fake.foo(:bar)).to eq(0)
+    end
+
+    it "calls the original when a message without arguments is received" do
+      allow(fake).to receive(:foo).with(:bar)
+      expect(fake.foo).to eq(42)
+    end
+
+    it "calls the original when a message with different arguments is received" do
+      allow(fake).to receive(:foo).with(:baz)
+      expect(fake.foo(:bar)).to eq(42)
+    end
+  end
+end

spec/spectator/dsl/mocks/double_spec.cr

@@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ Spectator.describe "Double DSL", :smoke do
 
     context "methods accepting blocks" do
       double(:test7) do
-        stub def foo
+        stub def foo(&)
           yield
         end
 
@@ -312,7 +312,7 @@ Spectator.describe "Double DSL", :smoke do
     let(override) { :override }
     let(dbl) { double(:context_double, override: override) }
 
-    before_each { allow(dbl).to receive(:memoize).and_return(memoize) }
+    before { allow(dbl).to receive(:memoize).and_return(memoize) }
 
     it "doesn't change predefined values" do
       expect(dbl.predefined).to eq(:predefined)

spec/spectator/dsl/mocks/expect_receive_spec.cr

@@ -14,6 +14,12 @@ Spectator.describe "Deferred stub expectation DSL" do
     # Ensure invocations don't leak between examples.
     pre_condition { expect(dbl).to_not have_received(:foo), "Leaked method calls from previous examples" }
 
+    # Ensure stubs don't leak between examples.
+    pre_condition do
+      expect { dbl.foo }.to raise_error(Spectator::UnexpectedMessage)
+      dbl._spectator_clear_calls # Don't include previous call in results.
+    end
+
     it "matches when a message is received" do
       expect(dbl).to receive(:foo)
       dbl.foo
@@ -67,6 +73,12 @@ Spectator.describe "Deferred stub expectation DSL" do
     # Ensure invocations don't leak between examples.
     pre_condition { expect(dbl).to_not have_received(:foo), "Leaked method calls from previous examples" }
 
+    # Ensure stubs don't leak between examples.
+    pre_condition do
+      expect { dbl.foo }.to raise_error(Spectator::UnexpectedMessage)
+      dbl._spectator_clear_calls # Don't include previous call in results.
+    end
+
     it "matches when a message is received" do
       expect(dbl).to receive(:foo)
       dbl.foo
@@ -114,6 +126,12 @@ Spectator.describe "Deferred stub expectation DSL" do
     # Ensure invocations don't leak between examples.
     pre_condition { expect(fake).to_not have_received(:foo), "Leaked method calls from previous examples" }
 
+    # Ensure stubs don't leak between examples.
+    pre_condition do
+      expect { fake.foo }.to raise_error(Spectator::UnexpectedMessage)
+      fake._spectator_clear_calls # Don't include previous call in results.
+    end
+
     it "matches when a message is received" do
       expect(fake).to receive(:foo).and_return(42)
       fake.foo(:bar)
@@ -166,14 +184,20 @@ Spectator.describe "Deferred stub expectation DSL" do
     # Ensure invocations don't leak between examples.
     pre_condition { expect(fake).to_not have_received(:foo), "Leaked method calls from previous examples" }
 
+    # Ensure stubs don't leak between examples.
+    pre_condition do
+      expect(fake.foo).to eq(42)
+      fake._spectator_clear_calls # Don't include previous call in results.
+    end
+
     it "matches when a message is received" do
-      expect(fake).to receive(:foo).and_return(42)
+      expect(fake).to receive(:foo).and_return(0)
       fake.foo(:bar)
     end
 
     it "returns the correct value" do
-      expect(fake).to receive(:foo).and_return(42)
-      expect(fake.foo).to eq(42)
+      expect(fake).to receive(:foo).and_return(0)
+      expect(fake.foo).to eq(0)
     end
 
     it "matches when a message isn't received" do
@@ -181,12 +205,12 @@ Spectator.describe "Deferred stub expectation DSL" do
     end
 
     it "matches when a message is received with matching arguments" do
-      expect(fake).to receive(:foo).with(:bar).and_return(42)
+      expect(fake).to receive(:foo).with(:bar).and_return(0)
       fake.foo(:bar)
     end
 
     it "matches when a message without arguments is received" do
-      expect(fake).to_not receive(:foo).with(:bar).and_return(42)
+      expect(fake).to_not receive(:foo).with(:bar).and_return(0)
       fake.foo
     end
 
@@ -195,7 +219,7 @@ Spectator.describe "Deferred stub expectation DSL" do
     end
 
     it "matches when a message with arguments isn't received" do
-      expect(fake).to_not receive(:foo).with(:baz).and_return(42)
+      expect(fake).to_not receive(:foo).with(:baz).and_return(0)
       fake.foo(:bar)
     end
   end

spec/spectator/dsl/mocks/mock_spec.cr

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ Spectator.describe "Mock DSL", :smoke do
           args[1].as(Int32),
           args[2].as(Int32),
         },
-        args[3].as(Int32),
+        args[:kwarg].as(Int32),
         {
           x: args[:x].as(Int32),
           y: args[:y].as(Int32),
@@ -40,17 +40,17 @@ Spectator.describe "Mock DSL", :smoke do
         arg
       end
 
-      def method4 : Symbol
+      def method4(&) : Symbol
         @_spectator_invocations << :method4
         yield
       end
 
-      def method5
+      def method5(&)
         @_spectator_invocations << :method5
         yield.to_i
       end
 
-      def method6
+      def method6(&)
         @_spectator_invocations << :method6
         yield
       end
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ Spectator.describe "Mock DSL", :smoke do
         {arg, args, kwarg, kwargs}
       end
 
-      def method8(arg, *args, kwarg, **kwargs)
+      def method8(arg, *args, kwarg, **kwargs, &)
         @_spectator_invocations << :method8
         yield
         {arg, args, kwarg, kwargs}
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ Spectator.describe "Mock DSL", :smoke do
         "stubbed"
       end
 
-      stub def method4 : Symbol
+      stub def method4(&) : Symbol
         yield
         :block
       end
@@ -258,12 +258,12 @@ Spectator.describe "Mock DSL", :smoke do
       # NOTE: Abstract methods that yield must have yield functionality defined in the method.
       #   This requires that yielding methods have a default implementation.
       #   Just providing `&` in the arguments gets dropped by the compiler unless `yield` is in the method definition.
-      stub def method5
+      stub def method5(&)
         yield
       end
 
       # NOTE: Another quirk where a default implementation must be provided because `&` is dropped.
-      stub def method6 : Symbol
+      stub def method6(&) : Symbol
         yield
       end
 
@@ -381,12 +381,12 @@ Spectator.describe "Mock DSL", :smoke do
         # NOTE: Abstract methods that yield must have yield functionality defined in the method.
         #   This requires that yielding methods have a default implementation.
         #   Just providing `&` in the arguments gets dropped by the compiler unless `yield` is in the method definition.
-        stub def method5
+        stub def method5(&)
           yield
         end
 
         # NOTE: Another quirk where a default implementation must be provided because `&` is dropped.
-        stub def method6 : Symbol
+        stub def method6(&) : Symbol
           yield
         end
       end
@@ -454,12 +454,12 @@ Spectator.describe "Mock DSL", :smoke do
       # NOTE: Abstract methods that yield must have yield functionality defined in the method.
       #   This requires that yielding methods have a default implementation.
       #   Just providing `&` in the arguments gets dropped by the compiler unless `yield` is in the method definition.
-      stub def method5
+      stub def method5(&)
         yield
       end
 
       # NOTE: Another quirk where a default implementation must be provided because `&` is dropped.
-      stub def method6 : Symbol
+      stub def method6(&) : Symbol
         yield
       end
 
@@ -577,12 +577,12 @@ Spectator.describe "Mock DSL", :smoke do
         # NOTE: Abstract methods that yield must have yield functionality defined in the method.
         #   This requires that yielding methods have a default implementation.
         #   Just providing `&` in the arguments gets dropped by the compiler unless `yield` is in the method definition.
-        stub def method5
+        stub def method5(&)
           yield
         end
 
         # NOTE: Another quirk where a default implementation must be provided because `&` is dropped.
-        stub def method6 : Symbol
+        stub def method6(&) : Symbol
           yield
         end
       end
@@ -620,11 +620,11 @@ Spectator.describe "Mock DSL", :smoke do
         :original
       end
 
-      def method3
+      def method3(&)
         yield
       end
 
-      def method4 : Int32
+      def method4(&) : Int32
         yield.to_i
       end
 
@@ -749,11 +749,11 @@ Spectator.describe "Mock DSL", :smoke do
         :original
       end
 
-      def method3
+      def method3(&)
         yield
       end
 
-      def method4 : Int32
+      def method4(&) : Int32
         yield.to_i
       end
 
@@ -947,7 +947,7 @@ Spectator.describe "Mock DSL", :smoke do
     let(override) { :override }
     let(fake) { mock(Dummy, override: override) }
 
-    before_each { allow(fake).to receive(:memoize).and_return(memoize) }
+    before { allow(fake).to receive(:memoize).and_return(memoize) }
 
     it "doesn't change predefined values" do
       expect(fake.predefined).to eq(:predefined)
@@ -1027,4 +1027,262 @@ Spectator.describe "Mock DSL", :smoke do
       expect(fake.reference).to eq("reference")
     end
   end
+
+  describe "mock module" do
+    module Dummy
+      # `extend self` cannot be used.
+      # The Crystal compiler doesn't report the methods as class methods when doing so.
+
+      def self.abstract_method
+        :not_really_abstract
+      end
+
+      def self.default_method
+        :original
+      end
+
+      def self.args(arg)
+        arg
+      end
+
+      def self.method1
+        :original
+      end
+
+      def self.reference
+        method1.to_s
+      end
+    end
+
+    mock(Dummy) do
+      abstract_stub def self.abstract_method
+        :abstract
+      end
+
+      stub def self.default_method
+        :default
+      end
+    end
+
+    let(fake) { class_mock(Dummy) }
+
+    it "raises on abstract stubs" do
+      expect { fake.abstract_method }.to raise_error(Spectator::UnexpectedMessage, /abstract_method/)
+    end
+
+    it "can define default stubs" do
+      expect(fake.default_method).to eq(:default)
+    end
+
+    it "can define new stubs" do
+      expect { allow(fake).to receive(:args).and_return(42) }.to change { fake.args(5) }.from(5).to(42)
+    end
+
+    it "can override class method stubs" do
+      allow(fake).to receive(:method1).and_return(:override)
+      expect(fake.method1).to eq(:override)
+    end
+
+    xit "can reference stubs", pending: "Default stub of module class methods always refer to original" do
+      allow(fake).to receive(:method1).and_return(:reference)
+      expect(fake.reference).to eq("reference")
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "with a class including a mocked module" do
+    module Dummy
+      getter _spectator_invocations = [] of Symbol
+
+      def method1
+        @_spectator_invocations << :method1
+        "original"
+      end
+
+      def method2 : Symbol
+        @_spectator_invocations << :method2
+        :original
+      end
+
+      def method3(arg)
+        @_spectator_invocations << :method3
+        arg
+      end
+
+      def method4(&) : Symbol
+        @_spectator_invocations << :method4
+        yield
+      end
+
+      def method5(&)
+        @_spectator_invocations << :method5
+        yield.to_i
+      end
+
+      def method6(&)
+        @_spectator_invocations << :method6
+        yield
+      end
+
+      def method7(arg, *args, kwarg, **kwargs)
+        @_spectator_invocations << :method7
+        {arg, args, kwarg, kwargs}
+      end
+
+      def method8(arg, *args, kwarg, **kwargs, &)
+        @_spectator_invocations << :method8
+        yield
+        {arg, args, kwarg, kwargs}
+      end
+    end
+
+    # method1 stubbed via mock block
+    # method2 stubbed via keyword args
+    # method3 not stubbed (calls original)
+    # method4 stubbed via mock block (yields)
+    # method5 stubbed via keyword args (yields)
+    # method6 not stubbed (calls original and yields)
+    # method7 not stubbed (calls original) testing args
+    # method8 not stubbed (calls original and yields) testing args
+    mock(Dummy, method2: :stubbed, method5: 42) do
+      stub def method1
+        "stubbed"
+      end
+
+      stub def method4(&) : Symbol
+        yield
+        :block
+      end
+    end
+
+    subject(fake) { mock(Dummy) }
+
+    it "defines a subclass" do
+      expect(fake).to be_a(Dummy)
+    end
+
+    it "defines stubs in the block" do
+      expect(fake.method1).to eq("stubbed")
+    end
+
+    it "can stub methods defined in the block" do
+      stub = Spectator::ValueStub.new(:method1, "override")
+      expect { fake._spectator_define_stub(stub) }.to change { fake.method1 }.from("stubbed").to("override")
+    end
+
+    it "defines stubs from keyword arguments" do
+      expect(fake.method2).to eq(:stubbed)
+    end
+
+    it "can stub methods from keyword arguments" do
+      stub = Spectator::ValueStub.new(:method2, :override)
+      expect { fake._spectator_define_stub(stub) }.to change { fake.method2 }.from(:stubbed).to(:override)
+    end
+
+    it "calls the original implementation for methods not provided a stub" do
+      expect(fake.method3(:xyz)).to eq(:xyz)
+    end
+
+    it "can stub methods after declaration" do
+      stub = Spectator::ValueStub.new(:method3, :abc)
+      expect { fake._spectator_define_stub(stub) }.to change { fake.method3(:xyz) }.from(:xyz).to(:abc)
+    end
+
+    it "defines stubs with yield in the block" do
+      expect(fake.method4 { :wrong }).to eq(:block)
+    end
+
+    it "can stub methods with yield in the block" do
+      stub = Spectator::ValueStub.new(:method4, :override)
+      expect { fake._spectator_define_stub(stub) }.to change { fake.method4 { :wrong } }.from(:block).to(:override)
+    end
+
+    it "defines stubs with yield from keyword arguments" do
+      expect(fake.method5 { :wrong }).to eq(42)
+    end
+
+    it "can stub methods with yield from keyword arguments" do
+      stub = Spectator::ValueStub.new(:method5, 123)
+      expect { fake._spectator_define_stub(stub) }.to change { fake.method5 { "0" } }.from(42).to(123)
+    end
+
+    it "can stub yielding methods after declaration" do
+      stub = Spectator::ValueStub.new(:method6, :abc)
+      expect { fake._spectator_define_stub(stub) }.to change { fake.method6 { :xyz } }.from(:xyz).to(:abc)
+    end
+
+    it "handles arguments correctly" do
+      args1 = fake.method7(1, 2, 3, kwarg: 4, x: 5, y: 6, z: 7)
+      args2 = fake.method8(1, 2, 3, kwarg: 4, x: 5, y: 6, z: 7) { :block }
+      aggregate_failures do
+        expect(args1).to eq({1, {2, 3}, 4, {x: 5, y: 6, z: 7}})
+        expect(args2).to eq({1, {2, 3}, 4, {x: 5, y: 6, z: 7}})
+      end
+    end
+
+    it "handles arguments correctly with stubs" do
+      stub1 = Spectator::ProcStub.new(:method7, args_proc)
+      stub2 = Spectator::ProcStub.new(:method8, args_proc)
+      fake._spectator_define_stub(stub1)
+      fake._spectator_define_stub(stub2)
+      args1 = fake.method7(1, 2, 3, kwarg: 4, x: 5, y: 6, z: 7)
+      args2 = fake.method8(1, 2, 3, kwarg: 4, x: 5, y: 6, z: 7) { :block }
+      aggregate_failures do
+        expect(args1).to eq({1, {2, 3}, 4, {x: 5, y: 6, z: 7}})
+        expect(args2).to eq({1, {2, 3}, 4, {x: 5, y: 6, z: 7}})
+      end
+    end
+
+    it "compiles types without unions" do
+      aggregate_failures do
+        expect(fake.method1).to compile_as(String)
+        expect(fake.method2).to compile_as(Symbol)
+        expect(fake.method3(42)).to compile_as(Int32)
+        expect(fake.method4 { :foo }).to compile_as(Symbol)
+        expect(fake.method5 { "123" }).to compile_as(Int32)
+        expect(fake.method6 { "123" }).to compile_as(String)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def restricted(thing : Dummy)
+      thing.method1
+    end
+
+    it "can be used in type restricted methods" do
+      expect(restricted(fake)).to eq("stubbed")
+    end
+
+    it "does not call the original method when stubbed" do
+      fake.method1
+      fake.method2
+      fake.method3("foo")
+      fake.method4 { :foo }
+      fake.method5 { "42" }
+      fake.method6 { 42 }
+      fake.method7(1, 2, 3, kwarg: 4, x: 5, y: 6, z: 7)
+      fake.method8(1, 2, 3, kwarg: 4, x: 5, y: 6, z: 7) { :block }
+      expect(fake._spectator_invocations).to contain_exactly(:method3, :method6, :method7, :method8)
+    end
+
+    # Cannot test unexpected messages - will not compile due to missing methods.
+
+    describe "deferred default stubs" do
+      mock(Dummy)
+
+      let(fake2) do
+        mock(Dummy,
+          method1: "stubbed",
+          method3: 123,
+          method4: :xyz)
+      end
+
+      it "uses the keyword arguments as stubs" do
+        aggregate_failures do
+          expect(fake2.method1).to eq("stubbed")
+          expect(fake2.method2).to eq(:original)
+          expect(fake2.method3(42)).to eq(123)
+          expect(fake2.method4 { :foo }).to eq(:xyz)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
 end

spec/spectator/dsl/mocks/null_double_spec.cr

@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ Spectator.describe "Null double DSL" do
 
     context "methods accepting blocks" do
       double(:test7) do
-        stub def foo
+        stub def foo(&)
           yield
         end
 

spec/spectator/mocks/allow_spec.cr

@@ -9,5 +9,31 @@ Spectator.describe Spectator::Allow do
     it "applies a stub" do
       expect { alw.to(stub) }.to change { dbl.foo }.from(42).to(123)
     end
+
+    context "leak" do
+      class Thing
+        def foo
+          42
+        end
+      end
+
+      mock Thing
+
+      getter(thing : Thing) { mock(Thing) }
+
+      # Workaround type restrictions requiring a constant.
+      def fake
+        class_mock(Thing).cast(thing)
+      end
+
+      specify do
+        expect { allow(fake).to(stub) }.to change { fake.foo }.from(42).to(123)
+      end
+
+      # This example must be run after the previous (random order may break this).
+      it "clears the stub after the example completes" do
+        expect { fake.foo }.to eq(42)
+      end
+    end
   end
 end

spec/spectator/mocks/arguments_spec.cr

@@ -1,21 +1,15 @@
 require "../../spec_helper"
 
 Spectator.describe Spectator::Arguments do
-  subject(arguments) do
-    Spectator::Arguments.new(
+  subject(arguments) { Spectator::Arguments.new({42, "foo"}, {bar: "baz", qux: 123}) }
+
+  it "stores the arguments" do
+    expect(arguments).to have_attributes(
       args: {42, "foo"},
       kwargs: {bar: "baz", qux: 123}
     )
   end
 
-  it "stores the arguments" do
-    expect(arguments.args).to eq({42, "foo"})
-  end
-
-  it "stores the keyword arguments" do
-    expect(arguments.kwargs).to eq({bar: "baz", qux: 123})
-  end
-
   describe ".capture" do
     subject { Spectator::Arguments.capture(42, "foo", bar: "baz", qux: 123) }
 
@@ -24,22 +18,20 @@ Spectator.describe Spectator::Arguments do
     end
   end
 
-  describe "#[]" do
-    context "with an index" do
-      it "returns a positional argument" do
-        aggregate_failures do
-          expect(arguments[0]).to eq(42)
-          expect(arguments[1]).to eq("foo")
-        end
+  describe "#[](index)" do
+    it "returns a positional argument" do
+      aggregate_failures do
+        expect(arguments[0]).to eq(42)
+        expect(arguments[1]).to eq("foo")
       end
     end
+  end
 
-    context "with a symbol" do
-      it "returns a named argument" do
-        aggregate_failures do
-          expect(arguments[:bar]).to eq("baz")
-          expect(arguments[:qux]).to eq(123)
-        end
+  describe "#[](symbol)" do
+    it "returns a keyword argument" do
+      aggregate_failures do
+        expect(arguments[:bar]).to eq("baz")
+        expect(arguments[:qux]).to eq(123)
       end
     end
   end
@@ -63,50 +55,79 @@ Spectator.describe Spectator::Arguments do
   describe "#==" do
     subject { arguments == other }
 
-    context "with equal arguments" do
-      let(other) { arguments }
+    context "with Arguments" do
+      context "with equal arguments" do
+        let(other) { arguments }
 
-      it "returns true" do
-        is_expected.to be_true
+        it { is_expected.to be_true }
+      end
+
+      context "with different arguments" do
+        let(other) { Spectator::Arguments.new({123, :foo, "bar"}, {opt: "foobar"}) }
+
+        it { is_expected.to be_false }
+      end
+
+      context "with the same kwargs in a different order" do
+        let(other) { Spectator::Arguments.new(arguments.args, {qux: 123, bar: "baz"}) }
+
+        it { is_expected.to be_true }
+      end
+
+      context "with a missing kwarg" do
+        let(other) { Spectator::Arguments.new(arguments.args, {bar: "baz"}) }
+
+        it { is_expected.to be_false }
+      end
+
+      context "with an extra kwarg" do
+        let(other) { Spectator::Arguments.new(arguments.args, {bar: "baz", qux: 123, extra: 0}) }
+
+        it { is_expected.to be_false }
       end
     end
 
-    context "with different arguments" do
-      let(other) do
-        Spectator::Arguments.new(
-          args: {123, :foo, "bar"},
-          kwargs: {opt: "foobar"}
-        )
+    context "with FormalArguments" do
+      context "with equal arguments" do
+        let(other) { Spectator::FormalArguments.new({arg1: 42, arg2: "foo"}, {bar: "baz", qux: 123}) }
+
+        it { is_expected.to be_true }
       end
 
-      it "returns false" do
-        is_expected.to be_false
-      end
-    end
+      context "with different arguments" do
+        let(other) { Spectator::FormalArguments.new({arg1: 123, arg2: :foo, arg3: "bar"}, {opt: "foobar"}) }
 
-    context "with the same kwargs in a different order" do
-      let(other) do
-        Spectator::Arguments.new(
-          args: arguments.args,
-          kwargs: {qux: 123, bar: "baz"}
-        )
+        it { is_expected.to be_false }
       end
 
-      it "returns true" do
-        is_expected.to be_true
-      end
-    end
+      context "with the same kwargs in a different order" do
+        let(other) { Spectator::FormalArguments.new({arg1: 42, arg2: "foo"}, {qux: 123, bar: "baz"}) }
 
-    context "with a missing kwarg" do
-      let(other) do
-        Spectator::Arguments.new(
-          args: arguments.args,
-          kwargs: {bar: "baz"}
-        )
+        it { is_expected.to be_true }
       end
 
-      it "returns false" do
-        is_expected.to be_false
+      context "with a missing kwarg" do
+        let(other) { Spectator::FormalArguments.new({arg1: 42, arg2: "foo"}, {bar: "baz"}) }
+
+        it { is_expected.to be_false }
+      end
+
+      context "with an extra kwarg" do
+        let(other) { Spectator::FormalArguments.new({arg1: 42, arg2: "foo"}, {bar: "baz", qux: 123, extra: 0}) }
+
+        it { is_expected.to be_false }
+      end
+
+      context "with different splat arguments" do
+        let(other) { Spectator::FormalArguments.new({arg1: 42, arg2: "foo"}, :splat, {1, 2, 3}, {bar: "baz", qux: 123}) }
+
+        it { is_expected.to be_false }
+      end
+
+      context "with mixed positional tuple types" do
+        let(other) { Spectator::FormalArguments.new({arg1: 42}, :splat, {"foo"}, {bar: "baz", qux: 123}) }
+
+        it { is_expected.to be_true }
       end
     end
   end
@@ -114,76 +135,149 @@ Spectator.describe Spectator::Arguments do
   describe "#===" do
     subject { pattern === arguments }
 
-    context "with equal arguments" do
-      let(pattern) { arguments }
+    context "with Arguments" do
+      context "with equal arguments" do
+        let(pattern) { arguments }
 
-      it "returns true" do
-        is_expected.to be_true
+        it { is_expected.to be_true }
+      end
+
+      context "with matching arguments" do
+        let(pattern) { Spectator::Arguments.new({Int32, /foo/}, {bar: /baz/, qux: Int32}) }
+
+        it { is_expected.to be_true }
+      end
+
+      context "with non-matching arguments" do
+        let(pattern) { Spectator::Arguments.new({Float64, /bar/}, {bar: /foo/, qux: "123"}) }
+
+        it { is_expected.to be_false }
+      end
+
+      context "with different arguments" do
+        let(pattern) { Spectator::Arguments.new({123, :foo, "bar"}, {opt: "foobar"}) }
+
+        it { is_expected.to be_false }
+      end
+
+      context "with the same kwargs in a different order" do
+        let(pattern) { Spectator::Arguments.new(arguments.args, {qux: Int32, bar: /baz/}) }
+
+        it { is_expected.to be_true }
+      end
+
+      context "with an additional kwarg" do
+        let(pattern) { Spectator::Arguments.new(arguments.args, {bar: /baz/}) }
+
+        it { is_expected.to be_true }
+      end
+
+      context "with a missing kwarg" do
+        let(pattern) { Spectator::Arguments.new(arguments.args, {bar: /baz/, qux: Int32, extra: 0}) }
+
+        it { is_expected.to be_false }
       end
     end
 
-    context "with different arguments" do
-      let(pattern) do
-        Spectator::Arguments.new(
-          args: {123, :foo, "bar"},
-          kwargs: {opt: "foobar"}
-        )
+    context "with FormalArguments" do
+      let(arguments) { Spectator::FormalArguments.new({arg1: 42, arg2: "foo"}, {bar: "baz", qux: 123}) }
+
+      context "with equal arguments" do
+        let(pattern) { Spectator::Arguments.new({42, "foo"}, {bar: "baz", qux: 123}) }
+
+        it { is_expected.to be_true }
       end
 
-      it "returns false" do
-        is_expected.to be_false
-      end
-    end
+      context "with matching arguments" do
+        let(pattern) { Spectator::Arguments.new({Int32, /foo/}, {bar: /baz/, qux: Int32}) }
 
-    context "with the same kwargs in a different order" do
-      let(pattern) do
-        Spectator::Arguments.new(
-          args: arguments.args,
-          kwargs: {qux: 123, bar: "baz"}
-        )
+        it { is_expected.to be_true }
       end
 
-      it "returns true" do
-        is_expected.to be_true
-      end
-    end
+      context "with non-matching arguments" do
+        let(pattern) { Spectator::Arguments.new({Float64, /bar/}, {bar: /foo/, qux: "123"}) }
 
-    context "with a missing kwarg" do
-      let(pattern) do
-        Spectator::Arguments.new(
-          args: arguments.args,
-          kwargs: {bar: "baz"}
-        )
+        it { is_expected.to be_false }
       end
 
-      it "returns false" do
-        is_expected.to be_false
-      end
-    end
+      context "with different arguments" do
+        let(pattern) { Spectator::Arguments.new({123, :foo, "bar"}, {opt: "foobar"}) }
 
-    context "with matching types and regex" do
-      let(pattern) do
-        Spectator::Arguments.new(
-          args: {Int32, /foo/},
-          kwargs: {bar: String, qux: 123}
-        )
+        it { is_expected.to be_false }
       end
 
-      it "returns true" do
-        is_expected.to be_true
-      end
-    end
+      context "with the same kwargs in a different order" do
+        let(pattern) { Spectator::Arguments.new(arguments.positional, {qux: Int32, bar: /baz/}) }
 
-    context "with different types and regex" do
-      let(pattern) do
-        Spectator::Arguments.new(
-          args: {Symbol, /bar/},
-          kwargs: {bar: String, qux: 42}
-        )
+        it { is_expected.to be_true }
       end
 
-      it "returns false" do
-        is_expected.to be_false
+      context "with an additional kwarg" do
+        let(pattern) { Spectator::Arguments.new(arguments.positional, {bar: /baz/}) }
+
+        it { is_expected.to be_true }
+      end
+
+      context "with a missing kwarg" do
+        let(pattern) { Spectator::Arguments.new(arguments.positional, {bar: /baz/, qux: Int32, extra: 0}) }
+
+        it { is_expected.to be_false }
+      end
+
+      context "with different splat arguments" do
+        let(arguments) { Spectator::FormalArguments.new({arg1: 42, arg2: "foo"}, :splat, {1, 2, 3}, super.kwargs) }
+        let(pattern) { Spectator::Arguments.new({Int32, /foo/, 5}, arguments.kwargs) }
+
+        it { is_expected.to be_false }
+      end
+
+      context "with matching mixed positional tuple types" do
+        let(arguments) { Spectator::FormalArguments.new({arg1: 42, arg2: "foo"}, :splat, {1, 2, 3}, super.kwargs) }
+        let(pattern) { Spectator::Arguments.new({Int32, /foo/, 1, 2, 3}, arguments.kwargs) }
+
+        it { is_expected.to be_true }
+      end
+
+      context "with non-matching mixed positional tuple types" do
+        let(arguments) { Spectator::FormalArguments.new({arg1: 42, arg2: "foo"}, :splat, {1, 2, 3}, super.kwargs) }
+        let(pattern) { Spectator::Arguments.new({Float64, /bar/, 3, 2, Symbol}, arguments.kwargs) }
+
+        it { is_expected.to be_false }
+      end
+
+      context "with matching args spilling over into splat and mixed positional tuple types" do
+        let(arguments) { Spectator::FormalArguments.new({arg1: 42, arg2: "foo"}, :splat, {:x, :y, :z}, {bar: "baz", qux: 123}) }
+        let(pattern) { Spectator::Arguments.capture(Int32, /foo/, Symbol, Symbol, :z, bar: /baz/, qux: Int32) }
+
+        it { is_expected.to be_true }
+      end
+
+      context "with non-matching args spilling over into splat and mixed positional tuple types" do
+        let(arguments) { Spectator::FormalArguments.new({arg1: 42, arg2: "foo"}, :splat, {:x, :y, :z}, {bar: "baz", qux: 123}) }
+        let(pattern) { Spectator::Arguments.capture(Float64, /bar/, Symbol, String, :z, bar: /foo/, qux: Int32) }
+
+        it { is_expected.to be_false }
+      end
+
+      context "with matching mixed named positional and keyword arguments" do
+        let(arguments) { Spectator::FormalArguments.new({arg1: 42, arg2: "foo"}, :splat, {:x, :y, :z}, {bar: "baz", qux: 123}) }
+        let(pattern) { Spectator::Arguments.capture(/foo/, Symbol, :y, Symbol, arg1: Int32, bar: /baz/, qux: 123) }
+
+        it { is_expected.to be_true }
+      end
+
+      context "with non-matching mixed named positional and keyword arguments" do
+        let(arguments) { Spectator::FormalArguments.new({arg1: 42, arg2: "foo"}, :splat, {:x, :y, :z}, {bar: "baz", qux: 123}) }
+        let(pattern) { Spectator::Arguments.capture(5, Symbol, :z, Symbol, arg2: /foo/, bar: /baz/, qux: Int32) }
+
+        it { is_expected.to be_false }
+      end
+
+      context "with non-matching mixed named positional and keyword arguments" do
+        let(arguments) { Spectator::FormalArguments.new({arg1: 42, arg2: "foo"}, :splat, {:x, :y, :z}, {bar: "baz", qux: 123}) }
+        let(pattern) { Spectator::Arguments.capture(/bar/, String, :y, Symbol, arg1: 0, bar: /foo/, qux: Float64) }
+
+        it { is_expected.to be_false }
       end
     end
   end

spec/spectator/mocks/double_spec.cr

@@ -212,14 +212,10 @@ Spectator.describe Spectator::Double do
         expect(dbl.hash).to be_a(UInt64)
         expect(dbl.in?([42])).to be_false
         expect(dbl.in?(1, 2, 3)).to be_false
-        expect(dbl.inspect).to contain("EmptyDouble")
         expect(dbl.itself).to be(dbl)
         expect(dbl.not_nil!).to be(dbl)
-        expect(dbl.pretty_inspect).to contain("EmptyDouble")
         expect(dbl.pretty_print(pp)).to be_nil
         expect(dbl.tap { nil }).to be(dbl)
-        expect(dbl.to_s).to contain("EmptyDouble")
-        expect(dbl.to_s(io)).to be_nil
         expect(dbl.try { nil }).to be_nil
         expect(dbl.object_id).to be_a(UInt64)
         expect(dbl.same?(dbl)).to be_true
@@ -301,7 +297,7 @@ Spectator.describe Spectator::Double do
         arg
       end
 
-      stub def self.baz(arg)
+      stub def self.baz(arg, &)
         yield
       end
     end
@@ -309,7 +305,7 @@ Spectator.describe Spectator::Double do
     subject(dbl) { ClassDouble }
     let(foo_stub) { Spectator::ValueStub.new(:foo, :override) }
 
-    after_each { dbl._spectator_clear_stubs }
+    after { dbl._spectator_clear_stubs }
 
     it "overrides an existing method" do
       expect { dbl._spectator_define_stub(foo_stub) }.to change { dbl.foo }.from(:stub).to(:override)
@@ -357,7 +353,7 @@ Spectator.describe Spectator::Double do
     end
 
     describe "._spectator_clear_stubs" do
-      before_each { dbl._spectator_define_stub(foo_stub) }
+      before { dbl._spectator_define_stub(foo_stub) }
 
       it "removes previously defined stubs" do
         expect { dbl._spectator_clear_stubs }.to change { dbl.foo }.from(:override).to(:stub)
@@ -365,7 +361,7 @@ Spectator.describe Spectator::Double do
     end
 
     describe "._spectator_calls" do
-      before_each { dbl._spectator_clear_calls }
+      before { dbl._spectator_clear_calls }
 
       # Retrieves symbolic names of methods called on a double.
       def called_method_names(dbl)
@@ -440,7 +436,7 @@ Spectator.describe Spectator::Double do
     subject(dbl) { FooBarDouble.new }
     let(stub) { Spectator::ValueStub.new(:foo, 5) }
 
-    before_each { dbl._spectator_define_stub(stub) }
+    before { dbl._spectator_define_stub(stub) }
 
     it "removes previously defined stubs" do
       expect { dbl._spectator_clear_stubs }.to change { dbl.foo }.from(5).to(42)
@@ -451,7 +447,7 @@ Spectator.describe Spectator::Double do
     subject(dbl) { FooBarDouble.new }
     let(stub) { Spectator::ValueStub.new(:foo, 5) }
 
-    before_each { dbl._spectator_define_stub(stub) }
+    before { dbl._spectator_define_stub(stub) }
 
     # Retrieves symbolic names of methods called on a double.
     def called_method_names(dbl)
@@ -469,7 +465,7 @@ Spectator.describe Spectator::Double do
 
     it "stores calls to non-stubbed methods" do
       expect { dbl.baz }.to raise_error(Spectator::UnexpectedMessage, /baz/)
-      expect(called_method_names(dbl)).to eq(%i[baz])
+      expect(called_method_names(dbl)).to contain(:baz)
     end
 
     it "stores arguments for a call" do
@@ -479,4 +475,68 @@ Spectator.describe Spectator::Double do
       expect(call.arguments).to eq(args)
     end
   end
+
+  describe "#to_s" do
+    subject(string) { dbl.to_s }
+
+    context "with a name" do
+      let(dbl) { FooBarDouble.new }
+
+      it "indicates it's a double" do
+        expect(string).to contain("Double")
+      end
+
+      it "contains the double name" do
+        expect(string).to contain("dbl-name")
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "without a name" do
+      let(dbl) { EmptyDouble.new }
+
+      it "indicates it's a double" do
+        expect(string).to contain("Double")
+      end
+
+      it "contains \"Anonymous\"" do
+        expect(string).to contain("Anonymous")
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "#inspect" do
+    subject(string) { dbl.inspect }
+
+    context "with a name" do
+      let(dbl) { FooBarDouble.new }
+
+      it "indicates it's a double" do
+        expect(string).to contain("Double")
+      end
+
+      it "contains the double name" do
+        expect(string).to contain("dbl-name")
+      end
+
+      it "contains the object ID" do
+        expect(string).to contain(dbl.object_id.to_s(16))
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "without a name" do
+      let(dbl) { EmptyDouble.new }
+
+      it "indicates it's a double" do
+        expect(string).to contain("Double")
+      end
+
+      it "contains \"Anonymous\"" do
+        expect(string).to contain("Anonymous")
+      end
+
+      it "contains the object ID" do
+        expect(string).to contain(dbl.object_id.to_s(16))
+      end
+    end
+  end
 end

spec/spectator/mocks/formal_arguments_spec.cr

@@ -0,0 +1,325 @@
+require "../../spec_helper"
+
+Spectator.describe Spectator::FormalArguments do
+  subject(arguments) { Spectator::FormalArguments.new({arg1: 42, arg2: "foo"}, :splat, {:x, :y, :z}, {bar: "baz", qux: 123}) }
+
+  it "stores the arguments" do
+    expect(arguments).to have_attributes(
+      args: {arg1: 42, arg2: "foo"},
+      splat_name: :splat,
+      splat: {:x, :y, :z},
+      kwargs: {bar: "baz", qux: 123}
+    )
+  end
+
+  describe ".build" do
+    subject { Spectator::FormalArguments.build({arg1: 42, arg2: "foo"}, :splat, {1, 2, 3}, {bar: "baz", qux: 123}) }
+
+    it "stores the arguments and keyword arguments" do
+      is_expected.to have_attributes(
+        args: {arg1: 42, arg2: "foo"},
+        splat_name: :splat,
+        splat: {1, 2, 3},
+        kwargs: {bar: "baz", qux: 123}
+      )
+    end
+
+    context "without a splat" do
+      subject { Spectator::FormalArguments.build({arg1: 42, arg2: "foo"}, {bar: "baz", qux: 123}) }
+
+      it "stores the arguments and keyword arguments" do
+        is_expected.to have_attributes(
+          args: {arg1: 42, arg2: "foo"},
+          splat: nil,
+          kwargs: {bar: "baz", qux: 123}
+        )
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "#[](index)" do
+    it "returns a positional argument" do
+      aggregate_failures do
+        expect(arguments[0]).to eq(42)
+        expect(arguments[1]).to eq("foo")
+      end
+    end
+
+    it "returns splat arguments" do
+      aggregate_failures do
+        expect(arguments[2]).to eq(:x)
+        expect(arguments[3]).to eq(:y)
+        expect(arguments[4]).to eq(:z)
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "with named positional arguments" do
+      subject(arguments) { Spectator::FormalArguments.new({arg1: 42, arg2: "foo"}, :splat, {:x, :y, :z}, {bar: "baz", qux: 123}) }
+
+      it "returns a positional argument" do
+        aggregate_failures do
+          expect(arguments[0]).to eq(42)
+          expect(arguments[1]).to eq("foo")
+        end
+      end
+
+      it "returns splat arguments" do
+        aggregate_failures do
+          expect(arguments[2]).to eq(:x)
+          expect(arguments[3]).to eq(:y)
+          expect(arguments[4]).to eq(:z)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "#[](symbol)" do
+    it "returns a keyword argument" do
+      aggregate_failures do
+        expect(arguments[:bar]).to eq("baz")
+        expect(arguments[:qux]).to eq(123)
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "with named positional arguments" do
+      subject(arguments) { Spectator::FormalArguments.new({arg1: 42, arg2: "foo"}, :splat, {:x, :y, :z}, {bar: "baz", qux: 123}) }
+
+      it "returns a positional argument" do
+        aggregate_failures do
+          expect(arguments[:arg1]).to eq(42)
+          expect(arguments[:arg2]).to eq("foo")
+        end
+      end
+
+      it "returns a keyword argument" do
+        aggregate_failures do
+          expect(arguments[:bar]).to eq("baz")
+          expect(arguments[:qux]).to eq(123)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "#to_s" do
+    subject { arguments.to_s }
+
+    it "formats the arguments" do
+      is_expected.to eq("(arg1: 42, arg2: \"foo\", *splat: {:x, :y, :z}, bar: \"baz\", qux: 123)")
+    end
+
+    context "when empty" do
+      let(arguments) { Spectator::FormalArguments.none }
+
+      it "returns (no args)" do
+        is_expected.to eq("(no args)")
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "with a splat and no arguments" do
+      let(arguments) { Spectator::FormalArguments.build(NamedTuple.new, :splat, {:x, :y, :z}, {bar: "baz", qux: 123}) }
+
+      it "omits the splat name" do
+        is_expected.to eq("(:x, :y, :z, bar: \"baz\", qux: 123)")
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "#==" do
+    subject { arguments == other }
+
+    context "with Arguments" do
+      context "with equal arguments" do
+        let(other) { Spectator::Arguments.new(arguments.positional, arguments.kwargs) }
+
+        it { is_expected.to be_true }
+      end
+
+      context "with different arguments" do
+        let(other) { Spectator::Arguments.new({123, :foo, "bar"}, {opt: "foobar"}) }
+
+        it { is_expected.to be_false }
+      end
+
+      context "with the same kwargs in a different order" do
+        let(other) { Spectator::Arguments.new(arguments.positional, {qux: 123, bar: "baz"}) }
+
+        it { is_expected.to be_true }
+      end
+
+      context "with a missing kwarg" do
+        let(other) { Spectator::Arguments.new(arguments.positional, {bar: "baz"}) }
+
+        it { is_expected.to be_false }
+      end
+
+      context "with an extra kwarg" do
+        let(other) { Spectator::Arguments.new(arguments.positional, {bar: "baz", qux: 123, extra: 0}) }
+
+        it { is_expected.to be_false }
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "with FormalArguments" do
+      context "with equal arguments" do
+        let(other) { arguments }
+
+        it { is_expected.to be_true }
+      end
+
+      context "with different arguments" do
+        let(other) { Spectator::FormalArguments.new({arg1: 123, arg2: :foo, arg3: "bar"}, :splat, {1, 2, 3}, {opt: "foobar"}) }
+
+        it { is_expected.to be_false }
+      end
+
+      context "with the same kwargs in a different order" do
+        let(other) { Spectator::FormalArguments.new(arguments.args, arguments.splat_name, arguments.splat, {qux: 123, bar: "baz"}) }
+
+        it { is_expected.to be_true }
+      end
+
+      context "with a missing kwarg" do
+        let(other) { Spectator::FormalArguments.new(arguments.args, arguments.splat_name, arguments.splat, {bar: "baz"}) }
+
+        it { is_expected.to be_false }
+      end
+
+      context "with an extra kwarg" do
+        let(other) { Spectator::FormalArguments.new(arguments.args, arguments.splat_name, arguments.splat, {bar: "baz", qux: 123, extra: 0}) }
+
+        it { is_expected.to be_false }
+      end
+
+      context "with different splat arguments" do
+        let(other) { Spectator::FormalArguments.new(arguments.args, arguments.splat_name, {1, 2, 3}, arguments.kwargs) }
+
+        it { is_expected.to be_false }
+      end
+
+      context "with mixed positional tuple types" do
+        let(other) { Spectator::FormalArguments.new({arg1: 42, arg2: "foo"}, arguments.splat_name, arguments.splat, arguments.kwargs) }
+
+        it { is_expected.to be_true }
+      end
+
+      context "with mixed positional tuple types (flipped)" do
+        let(arguments) { Spectator::FormalArguments.new({arg1: 42, arg2: "foo"}, :splat, {:x, :y, :z}, {bar: "baz", qux: 123}) }
+        let(other) { Spectator::FormalArguments.new({arg1: 42, arg2: "foo"}, :splat, {:x, :y, :z}, {bar: "baz", qux: 123}) }
+
+        it { is_expected.to be_true }
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "#===" do
+    subject { pattern === arguments }
+
+    context "with Arguments" do
+      let(arguments) { Spectator::Arguments.new({42, "foo"}, {bar: "baz", qux: 123}) }
+
+      context "with equal arguments" do
+        let(pattern) { Spectator::FormalArguments.new({arg1: 42, arg2: "foo"}, {bar: "baz", qux: 123}) }
+
+        it { is_expected.to be_true }
+      end
+
+      context "with matching arguments" do
+        let(pattern) { Spectator::FormalArguments.new({arg1: Int32, arg2: /foo/}, {bar: /baz/, qux: Int32}) }
+
+        it { is_expected.to be_true }
+      end
+
+      context "with non-matching arguments" do
+        let(pattern) { Spectator::FormalArguments.new({arg1: Float64, arg2: /bar/}, {bar: /foo/, qux: "123"}) }
+
+        it { is_expected.to be_false }
+      end
+
+      context "with different arguments" do
+        let(pattern) { Spectator::FormalArguments.new({arg1: 123, arg2: :foo, arg3: "bar"}, {opt: "foobar"}) }
+
+        it { is_expected.to be_false }
+      end
+
+      context "with the same kwargs in a different order" do
+        let(pattern) { Spectator::FormalArguments.new({arg1: Int32, arg2: /foo/}, {qux: Int32, bar: /baz/}) }
+
+        it { is_expected.to be_true }
+      end
+
+      context "with an additional kwarg" do
+        let(pattern) { Spectator::FormalArguments.new({arg1: Int32, arg2: /foo/}, {bar: /baz/}) }
+
+        it { is_expected.to be_true }
+      end
+
+      context "with a missing kwarg" do
+        let(pattern) { Spectator::FormalArguments.new({arg1: Int32, arg2: /foo/}, {bar: /baz/, qux: Int32, extra: 0}) }
+
+        it { is_expected.to be_false }
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "with FormalArguments" do
+      context "with equal arguments" do
+        let(pattern) { arguments }
+
+        it { is_expected.to be_true }
+      end
+
+      context "with matching arguments" do
+        let(pattern) { Spectator::FormalArguments.new({arg1: Int32, arg2: /foo/}, :splat, {Symbol, Symbol, :z}, {bar: /baz/, qux: Int32}) }
+
+        it { is_expected.to be_true }
+      end
+
+      context "with non-matching arguments" do
+        let(pattern) { Spectator::FormalArguments.new({arg1: Float64, arg2: /bar/}, :splat, {String, Int32, :x}, {bar: /foo/, qux: "123"}) }
+
+        it { is_expected.to be_false }
+      end
+
+      context "with different arguments" do
+        let(pattern) { Spectator::FormalArguments.new({arg1: 123, arg2: :foo, arg3: "bar"}, :splat, {1, 2, 3}, {opt: "foobar"}) }
+
+        it { is_expected.to be_false }
+      end
+
+      context "with the same kwargs in a different order" do
+        let(pattern) { Spectator::FormalArguments.new(arguments.args, arguments.splat_name, arguments.splat, {qux: Int32, bar: /baz/}) }
+
+        it { is_expected.to be_true }
+      end
+
+      context "with an additional kwarg" do
+        let(pattern) { Spectator::FormalArguments.new(arguments.args, arguments.splat_name, arguments.splat, {bar: /baz/}) }
+
+        it { is_expected.to be_true }
+      end
+
+      context "with a missing kwarg" do
+        let(pattern) { Spectator::FormalArguments.new(arguments.args, arguments.splat_name, arguments.splat, {bar: /baz/, qux: Int32, extra: 0}) }
+
+        it { is_expected.to be_false }
+      end
+
+      context "with different splat arguments" do
+        let(pattern) { Spectator::FormalArguments.new(arguments.args, arguments.splat_name, {1, 2, 3}, arguments.kwargs) }
+
+        it { is_expected.to be_false }
+      end
+
+      context "with matching mixed positional tuple types" do
+        let(pattern) { Spectator::FormalArguments.new({arg1: Int32, arg2: /foo/}, arguments.splat_name, arguments.splat, arguments.kwargs) }
+
+        it { is_expected.to be_true }
+      end
+
+      context "with non-matching mixed positional tuple types" do
+        let(pattern) { Spectator::FormalArguments.new({arg1: Float64, arg2: /bar/}, arguments.splat_name, arguments.splat, arguments.kwargs) }
+
+        it { is_expected.to be_false }
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end

spec/spectator/mocks/lazy_double_spec.cr

@@ -235,16 +235,9 @@ Spectator.describe Spectator::LazyDouble do
     end
 
     context "with previously undefined methods" do
-      it "can stub methods" do
+      it "raises an error" do
         stub = Spectator::ValueStub.new(:baz, :xyz)
-        dbl._spectator_define_stub(stub)
-        expect(dbl.baz).to eq(:xyz)
-      end
-
-      it "uses a stub only if an argument constraint is met" do
-        stub = Spectator::ValueStub.new(:baz, :xyz, Spectator::Arguments.capture(:right))
-        dbl._spectator_define_stub(stub)
-        expect { dbl.baz }.to raise_error(Spectator::UnexpectedMessage, /baz/)
+        expect { dbl._spectator_define_stub(stub) }.to raise_error(/stub/)
       end
     end
   end
@@ -253,27 +246,18 @@ Spectator.describe Spectator::LazyDouble do
     subject(dbl) { Spectator::LazyDouble.new(foo: 42, bar: "baz") }
     let(stub) { Spectator::ValueStub.new(:foo, 5) }
 
-    before_each { dbl._spectator_define_stub(stub) }
+    before { dbl._spectator_define_stub(stub) }
 
     it "removes previously defined stubs" do
       expect { dbl._spectator_clear_stubs }.to change { dbl.foo }.from(5).to(42)
     end
-
-    it "raises on methods without an implementation" do
-      stub = Spectator::ValueStub.new(:baz, :xyz)
-      dbl._spectator_define_stub(stub)
-      expect(dbl.baz).to eq(:xyz)
-
-      dbl._spectator_clear_stubs
-      expect { dbl.baz }.to raise_error(Spectator::UnexpectedMessage, /baz/)
-    end
   end
 
   describe "#_spectator_calls" do
     subject(dbl) { Spectator::LazyDouble.new(foo: 42, bar: "baz") }
     let(stub) { Spectator::ValueStub.new(:foo, 5) }
 
-    before_each { dbl._spectator_define_stub(stub) }
+    before { dbl._spectator_define_stub(stub) }
 
     # Retrieves symbolic names of methods called on a double.
     def called_method_names(dbl)
@@ -291,7 +275,7 @@ Spectator.describe Spectator::LazyDouble do
 
     it "stores calls to non-stubbed methods" do
       expect { dbl.baz }.to raise_error(Spectator::UnexpectedMessage, /baz/)
-      expect(called_method_names(dbl)).to eq(%i[baz])
+      expect(called_method_names(dbl)).to contain(:baz)
     end
 
     it "stores arguments for a call" do
@@ -301,4 +285,68 @@ Spectator.describe Spectator::LazyDouble do
       expect(call.arguments).to eq(args)
     end
   end
+
+  describe "#to_s" do
+    subject(string) { dbl.to_s }
+
+    context "with a name" do
+      let(dbl) { Spectator::LazyDouble.new("dbl-name") }
+
+      it "indicates it's a double" do
+        expect(string).to contain("LazyDouble")
+      end
+
+      it "contains the double name" do
+        expect(string).to contain("dbl-name")
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "without a name" do
+      let(dbl) { Spectator::LazyDouble.new }
+
+      it "contains the double type" do
+        expect(string).to contain("LazyDouble")
+      end
+
+      it "contains \"Anonymous\"" do
+        expect(string).to contain("Anonymous")
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "#inspect" do
+    subject(string) { dbl.inspect }
+
+    context "with a name" do
+      let(dbl) { Spectator::LazyDouble.new("dbl-name") }
+
+      it "contains the double type" do
+        expect(string).to contain("LazyDouble")
+      end
+
+      it "contains the double name" do
+        expect(string).to contain("dbl-name")
+      end
+
+      it "contains the object ID" do
+        expect(string).to contain(dbl.object_id.to_s(16))
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "without a name" do
+      let(dbl) { Spectator::LazyDouble.new }
+
+      it "contains the double type" do
+        expect(string).to contain("LazyDouble")
+      end
+
+      it "contains \"Anonymous\"" do
+        expect(string).to contain("Anonymous")
+      end
+
+      it "contains the object ID" do
+        expect(string).to contain(dbl.object_id.to_s(16))
+      end
+    end
+  end
 end

spec/spectator/mocks/mock_spec.cr

@@ -29,8 +29,18 @@ Spectator.describe Spectator::Mock do
           @_spectator_invocations << :method3
           "original"
         end
+
+        def method4 : Thing
+          self
+        end
+
+        def method5 : OtherThing
+          OtherThing.new
+        end
       end
 
+      class OtherThing; end
+
       Spectator::Mock.define_subtype(:class, Thing, MockThing, :mock_name, method1: 123) do
         stub def method2
           :stubbed
@@ -104,6 +114,20 @@ Spectator.describe Spectator::Mock do
         mock.method3
         expect(mock._spectator_invocations).to contain_exactly(:method3)
       end
+
+      it "can reference its own type" do
+        new_mock = MockThing.new
+        stub = Spectator::ValueStub.new(:method4, new_mock)
+        mock._spectator_define_stub(stub)
+        expect(mock.method4).to be(new_mock)
+      end
+
+      it "can reference other types in the original namespace" do
+        other = OtherThing.new
+        stub = Spectator::ValueStub.new(:method5, other)
+        mock._spectator_define_stub(stub)
+        expect(mock.method5).to be(other)
+      end
     end
 
     context "with an abstract class" do
@@ -120,8 +144,14 @@ Spectator.describe Spectator::Mock do
         end
 
         abstract def method4
+
+        abstract def method4 : Thing
+
+        abstract def method5 : OtherThing
       end
 
+      class OtherThing; end
+
       Spectator::Mock.define_subtype(:class, Thing, MockThing, :mock_name, method2: :stubbed) do
         stub def method1 : Int32 # NOTE: Return type is required since one wasn't provided in the parent.
           123
@@ -199,6 +229,20 @@ Spectator.describe Spectator::Mock do
         mock.method3
         expect(mock._spectator_invocations).to contain_exactly(:method3)
       end
+
+      it "can reference its own type" do
+        new_mock = MockThing.new
+        stub = Spectator::ValueStub.new(:method4, new_mock)
+        mock._spectator_define_stub(stub)
+        expect(mock.method4).to be(new_mock)
+      end
+
+      it "can reference other types in the original namespace" do
+        other = OtherThing.new
+        stub = Spectator::ValueStub.new(:method5, other)
+        mock._spectator_define_stub(stub)
+        expect(mock.method5).to be(other)
+      end
     end
 
     context "with an abstract struct" do
@@ -215,8 +259,14 @@ Spectator.describe Spectator::Mock do
         end
 
         abstract def method4
+
+        abstract def method4 : Thing
+
+        abstract def method5 : OtherThing
       end
 
+      class OtherThing; end
+
       Spectator::Mock.define_subtype(:struct, Thing, MockThing, :mock_name, method2: :stubbed) do
         stub def method1 : Int32 # NOTE: Return type is required since one wasn't provided in the parent.
           123
@@ -286,6 +336,22 @@ Spectator.describe Spectator::Mock do
         mock.method3
         expect(mock._spectator_invocations).to contain_exactly(:method3)
       end
+
+      it "can reference its own type" do
+        mock = self.mock # FIXME: Workaround for passing by value messing with stubs.
+        new_mock = MockThing.new
+        stub = Spectator::ValueStub.new(:method4, new_mock)
+        mock._spectator_define_stub(stub)
+        expect(mock.method4).to be_a(Thing)
+      end
+
+      it "can reference other types in the original namespace" do
+        mock = self.mock # FIXME: Workaround for passing by value messing with stubs.
+        other = OtherThing.new
+        stub = Spectator::ValueStub.new(:method5, other)
+        mock._spectator_define_stub(stub)
+        expect(mock.method5).to be(other)
+      end
     end
 
     context "class method stubs" do
@@ -298,11 +364,21 @@ Spectator.describe Spectator::Mock do
           arg
         end
 
-        def self.baz(arg)
+        def self.baz(arg, &)
           yield
         end
+
+        def self.thing : Thing
+          new
+        end
+
+        def self.other : OtherThing
+          OtherThing.new
+        end
       end
 
+      class OtherThing; end
+
       Spectator::Mock.define_subtype(:class, Thing, MockThing) do
         stub def self.foo
           :stub
@@ -312,7 +388,7 @@ Spectator.describe Spectator::Mock do
       let(mock) { MockThing }
       let(foo_stub) { Spectator::ValueStub.new(:foo, :override) }
 
-      after_each { mock._spectator_clear_stubs }
+      after { mock._spectator_clear_stubs }
 
       it "overrides an existing method" do
         expect { mock._spectator_define_stub(foo_stub) }.to change { mock.foo }.from(:stub).to(:override)
@@ -367,8 +443,22 @@ Spectator.describe Spectator::Mock do
         expect(restricted(mock)).to eq(:stub)
       end
 
+      it "can reference its own type" do
+        new_mock = MockThing.new
+        stub = Spectator::ValueStub.new(:thing, new_mock)
+        mock._spectator_define_stub(stub)
+        expect(mock.thing).to be(new_mock)
+      end
+
+      it "can reference other types in the original namespace" do
+        other = OtherThing.new
+        stub = Spectator::ValueStub.new(:other, other)
+        mock._spectator_define_stub(stub)
+        expect(mock.other).to be(other)
+      end
+
       describe "._spectator_clear_stubs" do
-        before_each { mock._spectator_define_stub(foo_stub) }
+        before { mock._spectator_define_stub(foo_stub) }
 
         it "removes previously defined stubs" do
           expect { mock._spectator_clear_stubs }.to change { mock.foo }.from(:override).to(:stub)
@@ -376,7 +466,7 @@ Spectator.describe Spectator::Mock do
       end
 
       describe "._spectator_calls" do
-        before_each { mock._spectator_clear_calls }
+        before { mock._spectator_clear_calls }
 
         # Retrieves symbolic names of methods called on a mock.
         def called_method_names(mock)
@@ -401,6 +491,203 @@ Spectator.describe Spectator::Mock do
       end
     end
 
+    context "with a module" do
+      module Thing
+        # `extend self` cannot be used.
+        # The Crystal compiler doesn't report the methods as class methods when doing so.
+
+        def self.original_method
+          :original
+        end
+
+        def self.default_method
+          :original
+        end
+
+        def self.stubbed_method(_value = 42)
+          :original
+        end
+      end
+
+      Spectator::Mock.define_subtype(:module, Thing, MockThing) do
+        stub def self.stubbed_method(_value = 42)
+          :stubbed
+        end
+      end
+
+      let(mock) { MockThing }
+
+      after { mock._spectator_clear_stubs }
+
+      it "overrides an existing method" do
+        stub = Spectator::ValueStub.new(:original_method, :override)
+        expect { mock._spectator_define_stub(stub) }.to change { mock.original_method }.from(:original).to(:override)
+      end
+
+      it "doesn't affect other methods" do
+        stub = Spectator::ValueStub.new(:stubbed_method, :override)
+        expect { mock._spectator_define_stub(stub) }.to_not change { mock.original_method }
+      end
+
+      it "replaces an existing default stub" do
+        stub = Spectator::ValueStub.new(:default_method, :override)
+        expect { mock._spectator_define_stub(stub) }.to change { mock.default_method }.to(:override)
+      end
+
+      it "replaces an existing stubbed method" do
+        stub = Spectator::ValueStub.new(:stubbed_method, :override)
+        expect { mock._spectator_define_stub(stub) }.to change { mock.stubbed_method }.to(:override)
+      end
+
+      def restricted(thing : Thing.class)
+        thing.stubbed_method
+      end
+
+      it "can be used in type restricted methods" do
+        expect(restricted(mock)).to eq(:stubbed)
+      end
+
+      describe "._spectator_clear_stubs" do
+        before do
+          stub = Spectator::ValueStub.new(:original_method, :override)
+          mock._spectator_define_stub(stub)
+        end
+
+        it "removes previously defined stubs" do
+          expect { mock._spectator_clear_stubs }.to change { mock.original_method }.from(:override).to(:original)
+        end
+      end
+
+      describe "._spectator_calls" do
+        before { mock._spectator_clear_calls }
+
+        # Retrieves symbolic names of methods called on a mock.
+        def called_method_names(mock)
+          mock._spectator_calls.map(&.method)
+        end
+
+        it "stores calls to original methods" do
+          expect { mock.original_method }.to change { called_method_names(mock) }.from(%i[]).to(%i[original_method])
+        end
+
+        it "stores calls to default methods" do
+          expect { mock.default_method }.to change { called_method_names(mock) }.from(%i[]).to(%i[default_method])
+        end
+
+        it "stores calls to stubbed methods" do
+          expect { mock.stubbed_method }.to change { called_method_names(mock) }.from(%i[]).to(%i[stubbed_method])
+        end
+
+        it "stores multiple calls to the same stub" do
+          mock.stubbed_method
+          expect { mock.stubbed_method }.to change { called_method_names(mock) }.from(%i[stubbed_method]).to(%i[stubbed_method stubbed_method])
+        end
+
+        it "stores arguments for a call" do
+          mock.stubbed_method(5)
+          args = Spectator::Arguments.capture(5)
+          call = mock._spectator_calls.first
+          expect(call.arguments).to eq(args)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "with a mocked module included in a class" do
+      module Thing
+        def original_method
+          :original
+        end
+
+        def default_method
+          :original
+        end
+
+        def stubbed_method(_value = 42)
+          :original
+        end
+      end
+
+      Spectator::Mock.define_subtype(:module, Thing, MockThing, default_method: :default) do
+        stub def stubbed_method(_value = 42)
+          :stubbed
+        end
+      end
+
+      class IncludedMock
+        include MockThing
+      end
+
+      let(mock) { IncludedMock.new }
+
+      it "overrides an existing method" do
+        stub = Spectator::ValueStub.new(:original_method, :override)
+        expect { mock._spectator_define_stub(stub) }.to change { mock.original_method }.from(:original).to(:override)
+      end
+
+      it "doesn't affect other methods" do
+        stub = Spectator::ValueStub.new(:stubbed_method, :override)
+        expect { mock._spectator_define_stub(stub) }.to_not change { mock.original_method }
+      end
+
+      it "replaces an existing default stub" do
+        stub = Spectator::ValueStub.new(:default_method, :override)
+        expect { mock._spectator_define_stub(stub) }.to change { mock.default_method }.to(:override)
+      end
+
+      it "replaces an existing stubbed method" do
+        stub = Spectator::ValueStub.new(:stubbed_method, :override)
+        expect { mock._spectator_define_stub(stub) }.to change { mock.stubbed_method }.to(:override)
+      end
+
+      def restricted(thing : Thing.class)
+        thing.default_method
+      end
+
+      describe "#_spectator_clear_stubs" do
+        before do
+          stub = Spectator::ValueStub.new(:original_method, :override)
+          mock._spectator_define_stub(stub)
+        end
+
+        it "removes previously defined stubs" do
+          expect { mock._spectator_clear_stubs }.to change { mock.original_method }.from(:override).to(:original)
+        end
+      end
+
+      describe "#_spectator_calls" do
+        before { mock._spectator_clear_calls }
+
+        # Retrieves symbolic names of methods called on a mock.
+        def called_method_names(mock)
+          mock._spectator_calls.map(&.method)
+        end
+
+        it "stores calls to original methods" do
+          expect { mock.original_method }.to change { called_method_names(mock) }.from(%i[]).to(%i[original_method])
+        end
+
+        it "stores calls to default methods" do
+          expect { mock.default_method }.to change { called_method_names(mock) }.from(%i[]).to(%i[default_method])
+        end
+
+        it "stores calls to stubbed methods" do
+          expect { mock.stubbed_method }.to change { called_method_names(mock) }.from(%i[]).to(%i[stubbed_method])
+        end
+
+        it "stores multiple calls to the same stub" do
+          mock.stubbed_method
+          expect { mock.stubbed_method }.to change { called_method_names(mock) }.from(%i[stubbed_method]).to(%i[stubbed_method stubbed_method])
+        end
+
+        it "stores arguments for a call" do
+          mock.stubbed_method(5)
+          args = Spectator::Arguments.capture(5)
+          call = mock._spectator_calls.first
+          expect(call.arguments).to eq(args)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
     context "with a method that uses NoReturn" do
       abstract class Thing
         abstract def oops : NoReturn
@@ -410,7 +697,7 @@ Spectator.describe Spectator::Mock do
 
       let(mock) { MockThing.new }
 
-      after_each { mock._spectator_clear_stubs }
+      after { mock._spectator_clear_stubs }
 
       it "raises a TypeCastError when using a value-based stub" do
         stub = Spectator::ValueStub.new(:oops, nil).as(Spectator::Stub)
@@ -461,7 +748,7 @@ Spectator.describe Spectator::Mock do
       let(mock) { MockedClass.new }
 
       # Necessary to clear stubs to prevent leakages between tests.
-      after_each { mock._spectator_clear_stubs }
+      after { mock._spectator_clear_stubs }
 
       it "overrides responses from methods with keyword arguments" do
         expect(mock.method1).to eq(123)
@@ -571,8 +858,8 @@ Spectator.describe Spectator::Mock do
       let(mock) { MockedStruct.new }
 
       # Necessary to clear stubs to prevent leakages between tests.
-      after_each { mock._spectator_clear_stubs }
-      after_each { MockedStruct._spectator_invocations.clear }
+      after { mock._spectator_clear_stubs }
+      after { MockedStruct._spectator_invocations.clear }
 
       it "overrides responses from methods with keyword arguments" do
         expect(mock.method1).to eq(123)
@@ -642,7 +929,7 @@ Spectator.describe Spectator::Mock do
           arg
         end
 
-        def self.baz(arg)
+        def self.baz(arg, &)
           yield
         end
       end
@@ -656,7 +943,7 @@ Spectator.describe Spectator::Mock do
       let(mock) { Thing }
       let(foo_stub) { Spectator::ValueStub.new(:foo, :override) }
 
-      after_each { mock._spectator_clear_stubs }
+      after { mock._spectator_clear_stubs }
 
       it "overrides an existing method" do
         expect { mock._spectator_define_stub(foo_stub) }.to change { mock.foo }.from(:stub).to(:override)
@@ -712,7 +999,7 @@ Spectator.describe Spectator::Mock do
       end
 
       describe "._spectator_clear_stubs" do
-        before_each { mock._spectator_define_stub(foo_stub) }
+        before { mock._spectator_define_stub(foo_stub) }
 
         it "removes previously defined stubs" do
           expect { mock._spectator_clear_stubs }.to change { mock.foo }.from(:override).to(:stub)
@@ -720,7 +1007,7 @@ Spectator.describe Spectator::Mock do
       end
 
       describe "._spectator_calls" do
-        before_each { mock._spectator_clear_calls }
+        before { mock._spectator_clear_calls }
 
         # Retrieves symbolic names of methods called on a mock.
         def called_method_names(mock)
@@ -756,7 +1043,7 @@ Spectator.describe Spectator::Mock do
 
       let(mock) { NoReturnThing.new }
 
-      after_each { mock._spectator_clear_stubs }
+      after { mock._spectator_clear_stubs }
 
       it "raises a TypeCastError when using a value-based stub" do
         stub = Spectator::ValueStub.new(:oops, nil).as(Spectator::Stub)

spec/spectator/mocks/null_double_spec.cr

@@ -186,12 +186,9 @@ Spectator.describe Spectator::NullDouble do
         expect(dbl.hash).to be_a(UInt64)
         expect(dbl.in?([42])).to be_false
         expect(dbl.in?(1, 2, 3)).to be_false
-        expect(dbl.inspect).to contain("EmptyDouble")
         expect(dbl.itself).to be(dbl)
         expect(dbl.not_nil!).to be(dbl)
-        expect(dbl.pretty_inspect).to contain("EmptyDouble")
         expect(dbl.tap { nil }).to be(dbl)
-        expect(dbl.to_s).to contain("EmptyDouble")
         expect(dbl.try { nil }).to be_nil
         expect(dbl.object_id).to be_a(UInt64)
         expect(dbl.same?(dbl)).to be_true
@@ -262,7 +259,7 @@ Spectator.describe Spectator::NullDouble do
         arg
       end
 
-      stub def self.baz(arg)
+      stub def self.baz(arg, &)
         yield
       end
     end
@@ -270,7 +267,7 @@ Spectator.describe Spectator::NullDouble do
     subject(dbl) { ClassDouble }
     let(foo_stub) { Spectator::ValueStub.new(:foo, :override) }
 
-    after_each { dbl._spectator_clear_stubs }
+    after { dbl._spectator_clear_stubs }
 
     it "overrides an existing method" do
       expect { dbl._spectator_define_stub(foo_stub) }.to change { dbl.foo }.from(:stub).to(:override)
@@ -318,7 +315,7 @@ Spectator.describe Spectator::NullDouble do
     end
 
     describe "._spectator_clear_stubs" do
-      before_each { dbl._spectator_define_stub(foo_stub) }
+      before { dbl._spectator_define_stub(foo_stub) }
 
       it "removes previously defined stubs" do
         expect { dbl._spectator_clear_stubs }.to change { dbl.foo }.from(:override).to(:stub)
@@ -326,7 +323,7 @@ Spectator.describe Spectator::NullDouble do
     end
 
     describe "._spectator_calls" do
-      before_each { dbl._spectator_clear_calls }
+      before { dbl._spectator_clear_calls }
 
       # Retrieves symbolic names of methods called on a double.
       def called_method_names(dbl)
@@ -401,7 +398,7 @@ Spectator.describe Spectator::NullDouble do
     subject(dbl) { FooBarDouble.new }
     let(stub) { Spectator::ValueStub.new(:foo, 5) }
 
-    before_each { dbl._spectator_define_stub(stub) }
+    before { dbl._spectator_define_stub(stub) }
 
     it "removes previously defined stubs" do
       expect { dbl._spectator_clear_stubs }.to change { dbl.foo }.from(5).to(42)
@@ -412,7 +409,7 @@ Spectator.describe Spectator::NullDouble do
     subject(dbl) { FooBarDouble.new }
     let(stub) { Spectator::ValueStub.new(:foo, 5) }
 
-    before_each { dbl._spectator_define_stub(stub) }
+    before { dbl._spectator_define_stub(stub) }
 
     # Retrieves symbolic names of methods called on a double.
     def called_method_names(dbl)
@@ -439,4 +436,68 @@ Spectator.describe Spectator::NullDouble do
       expect(call.arguments).to eq(args)
     end
   end
+
+  describe "#to_s" do
+    subject(string) { dbl.to_s }
+
+    context "with a name" do
+      let(dbl) { FooBarDouble.new }
+
+      it "indicates it's a double" do
+        expect(string).to contain("NullDouble")
+      end
+
+      it "contains the double name" do
+        expect(string).to contain("dbl-name")
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "without a name" do
+      let(dbl) { EmptyDouble.new }
+
+      it "contains the double type" do
+        expect(string).to contain("NullDouble")
+      end
+
+      it "contains \"Anonymous\"" do
+        expect(string).to contain("Anonymous")
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "#inspect" do
+    subject(string) { dbl.inspect }
+
+    context "with a name" do
+      let(dbl) { FooBarDouble.new }
+
+      it "contains the double type" do
+        expect(string).to contain("NullDouble")
+      end
+
+      it "contains the double name" do
+        expect(string).to contain("dbl-name")
+      end
+
+      it "contains the object ID" do
+        expect(string).to contain(dbl.object_id.to_s(16))
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "without a name" do
+      let(dbl) { EmptyDouble.new }
+
+      it "contains the double type" do
+        expect(string).to contain("NullDouble")
+      end
+
+      it "contains \"Anonymous\"" do
+        expect(string).to contain("Anonymous")
+      end
+
+      it "contains the object ID" do
+        expect(string).to contain(dbl.object_id.to_s(16))
+      end
+    end
+  end
 end

src/spectator/abstract_expression.cr

@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ module Spectator
 
     # Produces a string representation of the expression.
     # This consists of the label (if one is available) and the value.
-    def to_s(io)
+    def to_s(io : IO) : Nil
       if (label = @label)
         io << label << ": "
       end
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ module Spectator
 
     # Produces a detailed string representation of the expression.
     # This consists of the label (if one is available) and the value.
-    def inspect(io)
+    def inspect(io : IO) : Nil
       if (label = @label)
         io << label << ": "
       end

src/spectator/anything.cr

@@ -13,12 +13,12 @@ module Spectator
     end
 
     # Displays "anything".
-    def to_s(io)
+    def to_s(io : IO) : Nil
       io << "anything"
     end
 
     # Displays "<anything>".
-    def inspect(io)
+    def inspect(io : IO) : Nil
       io << "<anything>"
     end
   end

src/spectator/context.cr

@@ -4,18 +4,23 @@
 # This type is intentionally outside the `Spectator` module.
 # The reason for this is to prevent name collision when using the DSL to define a spec.
 abstract class SpectatorContext
+  # Evaluates the contents of a block within the scope of the context.
+  def eval(&)
+    with self yield
+  end
+
   # Produces a dummy string to represent the context as a string.
   # This prevents the default behavior, which normally stringifies instance variables.
   # Due to the sheer amount of types Spectator can create
   # and that the Crystal compiler instantiates a `#to_s` and/or `#inspect` for each of those types,
   # an explosion in method instances can be created.
   # The compile time is drastically reduced by using a dummy string instead.
-  def to_s(io)
+  def to_s(io : IO) : Nil
     io << "Context"
   end
 
   # :ditto:
-  def inspect(io)
+  def inspect(io : IO) : Nil
     io << "Context<" << self.class << '>'
   end
 end

src/spectator/dsl/expectations.cr

@@ -182,7 +182,7 @@ module Spectator::DSL
     #   expect(false).to be_true
     # end
     # ```
-    def aggregate_failures(label = nil)
+    def aggregate_failures(label = nil, &)
       ::Spectator::Harness.current.aggregate_failures(label) do
         yield
       end

src/spectator/dsl/groups.cr

@@ -137,7 +137,11 @@ module Spectator::DSL
                  what.is_a?(NilLiteral) %}
         {{what}}
       {% elsif what.is_a?(StringInterpolation) %}
-        {% raise "String interpolation isn't supported for example group names" %}
+        {{@type.name}}.new.eval do
+          {{what}}
+        rescue e
+          "<Failed to evaluate context label - #{e.class}: #{e}>"
+        end
       {% else %}
         {{what.stringify}}
       {% end %}

src/spectator/dsl/hooks.cr

@@ -124,11 +124,21 @@ module Spectator::DSL
     # This means that values defined by `let` and `subject` are available.
     define_example_hook :before_each
 
+    # :ditto:
+    macro before(&block)
+      before_each {{block}}
+    end
+
     # Defines a block of code that will be invoked after every example in the group.
     # The block will be run in the context of the current running example.
     # This means that values defined by `let` and `subject` are available.
     define_example_hook :after_each
 
+    # :ditto:
+    macro after(&block)
+      after_each {{block}}
+    end
+
     # Defines a block of code that will be invoked around every example in the group.
     # The block will be run in the context of the current running example.
     # This means that values defined by `let` and `subject` are available.
@@ -139,6 +149,11 @@ module Spectator::DSL
     # More code can run afterwards (in the block).
     define_example_hook :around_each
 
+    # :ditto:
+    macro around(&block)
+      around_each {{block}}
+    end
+
     # Defines a block of code that will be invoked before every example in the group.
     # The block will be run in the context of the current running example.
     # This means that values defined by `let` and `subject` are available.

src/spectator/dsl/metadata.cr

@@ -6,6 +6,9 @@ module Spectator::DSL
     private macro _spectator_metadata(name, source, *tags, **metadata)
       private def self.{{name.id}}
         %metadata = {{source.id}}.dup
+        {% unless tags.empty? && metadata.empty? %}
+          %metadata ||= ::Spectator::Metadata.new
+        {% end %}
         {% for k in tags %}
           %metadata[{{k.id.symbolize}}] = nil
         {% end %}

src/spectator/dsl/mocks.cr

@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ module Spectator::DSL
           {{null_double_type_name}}.new(@stubs)
         end
 
-        {% if block %}{{block.body}}{% end %}
+        {{block.body if block}}
       end
 
       {% begin %}
@@ -218,24 +218,29 @@ module Spectator::DSL
     # end
     # ```
     private macro def_mock(type, name = nil, **value_methods, &block)
-      {% # Construct a unique type name for the mock by using the number of defined types.
- index = ::Spectator::DSL::Mocks::TYPES.size
- mock_type_name = "Mock#{index}".id
+      {% resolved = type.resolve
+         # Construct a unique type name for the mock by using the number of defined types.
+         index = ::Spectator::DSL::Mocks::TYPES.size
+         # The type is nested under the original so that any type names from the original can be resolved.
+         mock_type_name = "Mock#{index}".id
 
- # Store information about how the mock is defined and its context.
- # This is important for constructing an instance of the mock later.
- ::Spectator::DSL::Mocks::TYPES << {type.id.symbolize, @type.name(generic_args: false).symbolize, mock_type_name.symbolize}
+         # Store information about how the mock is defined and its context.
+         # This is important for constructing an instance of the mock later.
+         ::Spectator::DSL::Mocks::TYPES << {type.id.symbolize, @type.name(generic_args: false).symbolize, "::#{resolved.name}::#{mock_type_name}".id.symbolize}
 
- resolved = type.resolve
- base = if resolved.class?
-          :class
-        elsif resolved.struct?
-          :struct
-        else
-          :module
-        end %}
+         base = if resolved.class?
+                  :class
+                elsif resolved.struct?
+                  :struct
+                else
+                  :module
+                end %}
 
-      ::Spectator::Mock.define_subtype({{base}}, {{type.id}}, {{mock_type_name}}, {{name}}, {{**value_methods}}) {{block}}
+      {% begin %}
+        {{base.id}} ::{{resolved.name}}
+          ::Spectator::Mock.define_subtype({{base}}, {{type.id}}, {{mock_type_name}}, {{name}}, {{**value_methods}}) {{block}}
+        end
+      {% end %}
     end
 
     # Instantiates a mock.

src/spectator/error_result.cr

@@ -11,12 +11,12 @@ module Spectator
     end
 
     # Calls the `error` method on *visitor*.
-    def accept(visitor)
+    def accept(visitor, &)
       visitor.error(yield self)
     end
 
     # One-word description of the result.
-    def to_s(io)
+    def to_s(io : IO) : Nil
       io << "error"
     end
 

src/spectator/example.cr

@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ module Spectator
     # Note: The metadata will not be merged with the parent metadata.
     def initialize(@context : Context, @entrypoint : self ->,
                    name : String? = nil, location : Location? = nil,
-                   @group : ExampleGroup? = nil, metadata = Metadata.new)
+                   @group : ExampleGroup? = nil, metadata = nil)
       super(name, location, metadata)
 
       # Ensure group is linked.
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ module Spectator
     # Note: The metadata will not be merged with the parent metadata.
     def initialize(@context : Context, @entrypoint : self ->,
                    @name_proc : Example -> String, location : Location? = nil,
-                   @group : ExampleGroup? = nil, metadata = Metadata.new)
+                   @group : ExampleGroup? = nil, metadata = nil)
       super(nil, location, metadata)
 
       # Ensure group is linked.
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ module Spectator
     # A set of *metadata* can be used for filtering and modifying example behavior.
     # Note: The metadata will not be merged with the parent metadata.
     def initialize(name : String? = nil, location : Location? = nil,
-                   @group : ExampleGroup? = nil, metadata = Metadata.new, &block : self ->)
+                   @group : ExampleGroup? = nil, metadata = nil, &block : self ->)
       super(name, location, metadata)
 
       @context = NullContext.new
@@ -93,9 +93,10 @@ module Spectator
     # A set of *metadata* can be used for filtering and modifying example behavior.
     # Note: The metadata will not be merged with the parent metadata.
     def self.pending(name : String? = nil, location : Location? = nil,
-                     group : ExampleGroup? = nil, metadata = Metadata.new, reason = nil)
+                     group : ExampleGroup? = nil, metadata = nil, reason = nil)
       # Add pending tag and reason if they don't exist.
-      metadata = metadata.merge({:pending => nil, :reason => reason}) { |_, v, _| v }
+      tags = {:pending => nil, :reason => reason}
+      metadata = metadata ? metadata.merge(tags) { |_, v, _| v } : tags
       new(name, location, group, metadata) { nil }
     end
 
@@ -103,8 +104,8 @@ module Spectator
     # Returns the result of the execution.
     # The result will also be stored in `#result`.
     def run : Result
-      Log.debug { "Running example #{self}" }
-      Log.warn { "Example #{self} already ran" } if @finished
+      Log.debug { "Running example: #{self}" }
+      Log.warn { "Example already ran: #{self}" } if @finished
 
       if pending?
         Log.debug { "Skipping example #{self} - marked pending" }
@@ -117,7 +118,7 @@ module Spectator
 
       begin
         @result = Harness.run do
-          if proc = @name_proc.as?(Proc(Example, String))
+          if proc = @name_proc
             self.name = proc.call(self)
           end
 
@@ -142,8 +143,10 @@ module Spectator
         group.call_before_each(self)
         group.call_pre_condition(self)
       end
+      Log.trace { "Running example code for: #{self}" }
       @entrypoint.call(self)
       @finished = true
+      Log.trace { "Finished running example code for: #{self}" }
       if group = @group
         group.call_post_condition(self)
         group.call_after_each(self)
@@ -161,7 +164,7 @@ module Spectator
     # The context casted to an instance of *klass* is provided as a block argument.
     #
     # TODO: Benchmark compiler performance using this method versus client-side casting in a proc.
-    protected def with_context(klass)
+    protected def with_context(klass, &)
       context = klass.cast(@context)
       with context yield
     end
@@ -181,7 +184,7 @@ module Spectator
     end
 
     # Yields this example and all parent groups.
-    def ascend
+    def ascend(&)
       node = self
       while node
         yield node
@@ -191,7 +194,7 @@ module Spectator
 
     # Constructs the full name or description of the example.
     # This prepends names of groups this example is part of.
-    def to_s(io)
+    def to_s(io : IO) : Nil
       name = @name
 
       # Prefix with group's full name if the node belongs to a group.
@@ -210,9 +213,9 @@ module Spectator
     end
 
     # Exposes information about the example useful for debugging.
-    def inspect(io)
+    def inspect(io : IO) : Nil
       super
-      io << ' ' << result
+      io << " - " << result
     end
 
     # Creates the JSON representation of the example,
@@ -276,7 +279,7 @@ module Spectator
       # The block given to this method will be executed within the test context.
       #
       # TODO: Benchmark compiler performance using this method versus client-side casting in a proc.
-      protected def with_context(klass)
+      protected def with_context(klass, &)
         context = @example.cast_context(klass)
         with context yield
       end
@@ -286,7 +289,7 @@ module Spectator
 
       # Constructs the full name or description of the example.
       # This prepends names of groups this example is part of.
-      def to_s(io) : Nil
+      def to_s(io : IO) : Nil
         @example.to_s(io)
       end
     end

src/spectator/example_builder.cr

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ module Spectator
     # The *entrypoint* indicates the proc used to invoke the test code in the example.
     # The *name*, *location*, and *metadata* will be applied to the `Example` produced by `#build`.
     def initialize(@context_builder : -> Context, @entrypoint : Example ->,
-                   @name : String? = nil, @location : Location? = nil, @metadata : Metadata = Metadata.new)
+                   @name : String? = nil, @location : Location? = nil, @metadata : Metadata? = nil)
     end
 
     # Creates the builder.
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ module Spectator
     # The *name* is an interpolated string that runs in the context of the example.
     # *location*, and *metadata* will be applied to the `Example` produced by `#build`.
     def initialize(@context_builder : -> Context, @entrypoint : Example ->,
-                   @name : Example -> String, @location : Location? = nil, @metadata : Metadata = Metadata.new)
+                   @name : Example -> String, @location : Location? = nil, @metadata : Metadata? = nil)
     end
 
     # Constructs an example with previously defined attributes and context.

src/spectator/example_group.cr

@@ -19,14 +19,14 @@ module Spectator
     protected setter group : ExampleGroup?
 
     define_hook before_all : ExampleGroupHook do
-      Log.trace { "Processing before_all hooks for #{self}" }
+      Log.trace { "Processing before_all hooks for: #{self}" }
 
       @group.try &.call_before_all
       before_all_hooks.each &.call_once
     end
 
     define_hook after_all : ExampleGroupHook, :prepend do
-      Log.trace { "Processing after_all hooks for #{self}" }
+      Log.trace { "Processing after_all hooks for: #{self}" }
 
       after_all_hooks.each &.call_once if finished?
       if group = @group
@@ -35,21 +35,21 @@ module Spectator
     end
 
     define_hook before_each : ExampleHook do |example|
-      Log.trace { "Processing before_each hooks for #{self}" }
+      Log.trace { "Processing before_each hooks for: #{self}" }
 
       @group.try &.call_before_each(example)
       before_each_hooks.each &.call(example)
     end
 
     define_hook after_each : ExampleHook, :prepend do |example|
-      Log.trace { "Processing after_each hooks for #{self}" }
+      Log.trace { "Processing after_each hooks for: #{self}" }
 
       after_each_hooks.each &.call(example)
       @group.try &.call_after_each(example)
     end
 
     define_hook around_each : ExampleProcsyHook do |procsy|
-      Log.trace { "Processing around_each hooks for #{self}" }
+      Log.trace { "Processing around_each hooks for: #{self}" }
 
       around_each_hooks.reverse_each { |hook| procsy = hook.wrap(procsy) }
       if group = @group
@@ -59,14 +59,14 @@ module Spectator
     end
 
     define_hook pre_condition : ExampleHook do |example|
-      Log.trace { "Processing pre_condition hooks for #{self}" }
+      Log.trace { "Processing pre_condition hooks for: #{self}" }
 
       @group.try &.call_pre_condition(example)
       pre_condition_hooks.each &.call(example)
     end
 
     define_hook post_condition : ExampleHook, :prepend do |example|
-      Log.trace { "Processing post_condition hooks for #{self}" }
+      Log.trace { "Processing post_condition hooks for: #{self}" }
 
       post_condition_hooks.each &.call(example)
       @group.try &.call_post_condition(example)
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ module Spectator
     # This group will be assigned to the parent *group* if it is provided.
     # A set of *metadata* can be used for filtering and modifying example behavior.
     def initialize(@name : Label = nil, @location : Location? = nil,
-                   @group : ExampleGroup? = nil, @metadata : Metadata = Metadata.new)
+                   @group : ExampleGroup? = nil, @metadata : Metadata? = nil)
       # Ensure group is linked.
       group << self if group
     end
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ module Spectator
     delegate size, unsafe_fetch, to: @nodes
 
     # Yields this group and all parent groups.
-    def ascend
+    def ascend(&)
       group = self
       while group
         yield group
@@ -112,11 +112,15 @@ module Spectator
 
     # Constructs the full name or description of the example group.
     # This prepends names of groups this group is part of.
-    def to_s(io)
-      # Prefix with group's full name if the node belongs to a group.
-      return unless parent = @group
+    def to_s(io : IO, *, nested = false) : Nil
+      unless parent = @group
+        # Display special string when called directly.
+        io << "<root>" unless nested
+        return
+      end
 
-      parent.to_s(io)
+      # Prefix with group's full name if the node belongs to a group.
+      parent.to_s(io, nested: true)
       name = @name
 
       # Add padding between the node names
@@ -126,7 +130,7 @@ module Spectator
                        (parent.name?.is_a?(Symbol) && name.is_a?(String) &&
                        (name.starts_with?('#') || name.starts_with?('.')))
 
-      super
+      super(io)
     end
 
     # Adds the specified *node* to the group.

src/spectator/example_group_builder.cr

@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ module Spectator
     # Creates the builder.
     # Initially, the builder will have no children and no hooks.
     # The *name*, *location*, and *metadata* will be applied to the `ExampleGroup` produced by `#build`.
-    def initialize(@name : Label = nil, @location : Location? = nil, @metadata : Metadata = Metadata.new)
+    def initialize(@name : Label = nil, @location : Location? = nil, @metadata : Metadata? = nil)
     end
 
     # Constructs an example group with previously defined attributes, children, and hooks.

src/spectator/example_group_hook.cr

@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ module Spectator
 
     # Produces the string representation of the hook.
     # Includes the location and label if they're not nil.
-    def to_s(io)
+    def to_s(io : IO) : Nil
       io << "example group hook"
 
       if (label = @label)

src/spectator/example_group_iteration.cr

@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ module Spectator
     # This group will be assigned to the parent *group* if it is provided.
     # A set of *metadata* can be used for filtering and modifying example behavior.
     def initialize(@item : T, name : Label = nil, location : Location? = nil,
-                   group : ExampleGroup? = nil, metadata : Metadata = Metadata.new)
+                   group : ExampleGroup? = nil, metadata : Metadata? = nil)
       super(name, location, group, metadata)
     end
   end

src/spectator/example_hook.cr

@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ module Spectator
 
     # Produces the string representation of the hook.
     # Includes the location and label if they're not nil.
-    def to_s(io)
+    def to_s(io : IO) : Nil
       io << "example hook"
 
       if (label = @label)

src/spectator/example_procsy_hook.cr

@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ module Spectator
 
     # Produces the string representation of the hook.
     # Includes the location and label if they're not nil.
-    def to_s(io)
+    def to_s(io : IO) : Nil
       io << "example hook"
 
       if (label = @label)

src/spectator/expectation.cr

@@ -114,6 +114,21 @@ module Spectator
         report(match_data, message)
       end
 
+      # Asserts that some criteria defined by the matcher is satisfied.
+      # Allows a custom message to be used.
+      # Returns the expected value cast as the expected type, if the matcher is satisfied.
+      def to(matcher : Matchers::TypeMatcher(U), message = nil) forall U
+        match_data = matcher.match(@expression)
+        value = @expression.value
+        if report(match_data, message)
+          return value if value.is_a?(U)
+
+          raise "Spectator bug: expected value should have cast to #{U}"
+        else
+          raise TypeCastError.new("#{@expression.label} is expected to be a #{U}, but was actually #{value.class}")
+        end
+      end
+
       # Asserts that a method is not called before the example completes.
       @[AlwaysInline]
       def to_not(stub : Stub, message = nil) : Nil
@@ -136,6 +151,36 @@ module Spectator
         report(match_data, message)
       end
 
+      # Asserts that some criteria defined by the matcher is not satisfied.
+      # Allows a custom message to be used.
+      # Returns the expected value cast without the unexpected type, if the matcher is satisfied.
+      def to_not(matcher : Matchers::TypeMatcher(U), message = nil) forall U
+        match_data = matcher.negated_match(@expression)
+        value = @expression.value
+        if report(match_data, message)
+          return value unless value.is_a?(U)
+
+          raise "Spectator bug: expected value should not be #{U}"
+        else
+          raise TypeCastError.new("#{@expression.label} is not expected to be a #{U}, but was actually #{value.class}")
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Asserts that some criteria defined by the matcher is not satisfied.
+      # Allows a custom message to be used.
+      # Returns the expected value cast as a non-nillable type, if the matcher is satisfied.
+      def to_not(matcher : Matchers::NilMatcher, message = nil)
+        match_data = matcher.negated_match(@expression)
+        if report(match_data, message)
+          value = @expression.value
+          return value unless value.nil?
+
+          raise "Spectator bug: expected value should not be nil"
+        else
+          raise NilAssertionError.new("#{@expression.label} is not expected to be nil.")
+        end
+      end
+
       # :ditto:
       @[AlwaysInline]
       def not_to(matcher, message = nil) : Nil
@@ -160,9 +205,15 @@ module Spectator
           stubbable._spectator_define_stub(unconstrained_stub)
         end
 
+        # Apply the stub that is expected to be called.
         stubbable._spectator_define_stub(stub)
+
+        # Check if the stub was invoked after the test completes.
         matcher = Matchers::ReceiveMatcher.new(stub)
-        to_eventually(matcher, message)
+        Harness.current.defer { to(matcher, message) }
+
+        # Prevent leaking stubs between tests.
+        Harness.current.cleanup { stubbable._spectator_remove_stub(stub) }
       end
 
       # Asserts that some criteria defined by the matcher is eventually satisfied.
@@ -190,9 +241,15 @@ module Spectator
           stubbable._spectator_define_stub(unconstrained_stub)
         end
 
+        # Apply the stub that could be called in case it is.
         stubbable._spectator_define_stub(stub)
+
+        # Check if the stub was invoked after the test completes.
         matcher = Matchers::ReceiveMatcher.new(stub)
-        to_never(matcher, message)
+        Harness.current.defer { to_not(matcher, message) }
+
+        # Prevent leaking stubs between tests.
+        Harness.current.cleanup { stubbable._spectator_remove_stub(stub) }
       end
 
       # :ditto:

src/spectator/fail_result.cr

@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ module Spectator
     end
 
     # Calls the `failure` method on *visitor*.
-    def accept(visitor)
+    def accept(visitor, &)
       visitor.fail(yield self)
     end
 
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ module Spectator
     end
 
     # One-word description of the result.
-    def to_s(io)
+    def to_s(io : IO) : Nil
       io << "fail"
     end
 

src/spectator/formatting/components/block.cr

@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ module Spectator::Formatting::Components
     end
 
     # Increases the indent by the a specific *amount* for the duration of the block.
-    private def indent(amount = INDENT)
+    private def indent(amount = INDENT, &)
       @indent += amount
       yield
       @indent -= amount
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ module Spectator::Formatting::Components
     # The contents of the line should be generated by a block provided to this method.
     # Ensure that _only_ one line is produced by the block,
     # otherwise the indent will be lost.
-    private def line(io)
+    private def line(io, &)
       @indent.times { io << ' ' }
       yield
       io.puts

src/spectator/formatting/components/comment.cr

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ module Spectator::Formatting::Components
     end
 
     # Writes the comment to the output.
-    def to_s(io)
+    def to_s(io : IO) : Nil
       io << "# " << @content
     end
   end

src/spectator/formatting/components/example_command.cr

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ module Spectator::Formatting::Components
     end
 
     # Produces output for running the previously specified example.
-    def to_s(io)
+    def to_s(io : IO) : Nil
       io << "crystal spec "
 
       # Use location for argument if it's available, since it's simpler.

src/spectator/formatting/components/failure_command_list.cr

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ module Spectator::Formatting::Components
     end
 
     # Produces the list of commands to run failed examples.
-    def to_s(io)
+    def to_s(io : IO) : Nil
       io.puts "Failed examples:"
       io.puts
       @failures.each do |failure|

src/spectator/formatting/components/profile.cr

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ module Spectator::Formatting::Components
     end
 
     # Produces the output containing the profiling information.
-    def to_s(io)
+    def to_s(io : IO) : Nil
       io << "Top "
       io << @profile.size
       io << " slowest examples ("

src/spectator/formatting/components/result_block.cr

@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ module Spectator::Formatting::Components
     private abstract def content(io)
 
     # Writes the component's output to the specified stream.
-    def to_s(io)
+    def to_s(io : IO) : Nil
       title_line(io)
       # Ident over to align with the spacing used by the index.
       indent(index_digit_count + 2) do

src/spectator/formatting/components/runtime.cr

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ module Spectator::Formatting::Components
     # #:##:##
     # # days #:##:##
     # ```
-    def to_s(io)
+    def to_s(io : IO) : Nil
       millis = @span.total_milliseconds
       return format_micro(io, millis * 1000) if millis < 1
 

src/spectator/formatting/components/stats.cr

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ module Spectator::Formatting::Components
     end
 
     # Displays the stats.
-    def to_s(io)
+    def to_s(io : IO) : Nil
       runtime(io)
       totals(io)
       if seed = @report.random_seed?

src/spectator/formatting/components/tap_profile.cr

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ module Spectator::Formatting::Components
     end
 
     # Produces the output containing the profiling information.
-    def to_s(io)
+    def to_s(io : IO) : Nil
       io << "# Top "
       io << @profile.size
       io << " slowest examples ("

src/spectator/formatting/components/totals.cr

@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ module Spectator::Formatting::Components
     end
 
     # Writes the counts to the output.
-    def to_s(io)
+    def to_s(io : IO) : Nil
       io << @examples << " examples, " << @failures << " failures"
 
       if @errors > 0

src/spectator/harness.cr

@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ module Spectator
     # The value of `.current` is set to the harness for the duration of the test.
     # It will be reset after the test regardless of the outcome.
     # The result of running the test code will be returned.
-    def self.run : Result
+    def self.run(&) : Result
       with_harness do |harness|
         harness.run { yield }
       end
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ module Spectator
     # The `.current` harness is set to the new harness for the duration of the block.
     # `.current` is reset to the previous value (probably nil) afterwards, even if the block raises.
     # The result of the block is returned.
-    private def self.with_harness
+    private def self.with_harness(&)
       previous = @@current
       begin
         @@current = harness = new
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ module Spectator
 
     # Runs test code and produces a result based on the outcome.
     # The test code should be called from within the block given to this method.
-    def run : Result
+    def run(&) : Result
       elapsed, error = capture { yield }
       elapsed2, error2 = capture { run_deferred }
       run_cleanup
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ module Spectator
       @cleanup << block
     end
 
-    def aggregate_failures(label = nil)
+    def aggregate_failures(label = nil, &)
       previous = @aggregate
       @aggregate = aggregate = [] of Expectation
       begin
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ module Spectator
 
     # Yields to run the test code and returns information about the outcome.
     # Returns a tuple with the elapsed time and an error if one occurred (otherwise nil).
-    private def capture : Tuple(Time::Span, Exception?)
+    private def capture(&) : Tuple(Time::Span, Exception?)
       error = nil
       elapsed = Time.measure do
         error = catch { yield }
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ module Spectator
     # Yields to run a block of code and captures exceptions.
     # If the block of code raises an error, the error is caught and returned.
     # If the block doesn't raise an error, then nil is returned.
-    private def catch : Exception?
+    private def catch(&) : Exception?
       yield
     rescue e
       e

src/spectator/iterative_example_group_builder.cr

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ module Spectator
     # The *collection* is the set of items to create sub-nodes for.
     # The *iterators* is a list of optional names given to items in the collection.
     def initialize(@collection : Enumerable(T), name : String? = nil, @iterators : Array(String) = [] of String,
-                   location : Location? = nil, metadata : Metadata = Metadata.new)
+                   location : Location? = nil, metadata : Metadata? = nil)
       super(name, location, metadata)
     end
 

src/spectator/location.cr

@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ module Spectator
     # ```text
     # FILE:LINE
     # ```
-    def to_s(io)
+    def to_s(io : IO) : Nil
       io << path << ':' << line
     end
   end

src/spectator/matchers/attributes_matcher.cr

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ module Spectator::Matchers
       extend self
 
       # Text displayed when a method is undefined.
-      def inspect(io)
+      def inspect(io : IO) : Nil
         io << "<Method undefined>"
       end
     end

src/spectator/matchers/exception_matcher.cr

@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ module Spectator::Matchers
 
     # Runs a block of code and returns the exception it threw.
     # If no exception was thrown, *nil* is returned.
-    private def capture_exception
+    private def capture_exception(&)
       exception = nil
       begin
         yield

src/spectator/matchers/matcher.cr

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+require "../value"
 require "./match_data"
 
 module Spectator::Matchers
@@ -22,6 +23,19 @@ module Spectator::Matchers
     # A successful match with `#match` should normally fail for this method, and vice-versa.
     abstract def negated_match(actual : Expression(T)) : MatchData forall T
 
+    # Compares a matcher against a value.
+    # Enables composable matchers.
+    def ===(actual : Expression(T)) : Bool
+      match(actual).matched?
+    end
+
+    # Compares a matcher against a value.
+    # Enables composable matchers.
+    def ===(other) : Bool
+      expression = Value.new(other)
+      match(expression).matched?
+    end
+
     private def match_data_description(actual : Expression(T)) : String forall T
       match_data_description(actual.label)
     end

src/spectator/matchers/range_matcher.cr

@@ -29,7 +29,26 @@ module Spectator::Matchers
 
     # Checks whether the matcher is satisfied with the expression given to it.
     private def match?(actual : Expression(T)) : Bool forall T
-      expected.value.includes?(actual.value)
+      actual_value = actual.value
+      expected_value = expected.value
+      if expected_value.is_a?(Range) && actual_value.is_a?(Comparable)
+        return match_impl?(expected_value, actual_value)
+      end
+      return false unless actual_value.is_a?(Comparable(typeof(expected_value.begin)))
+      expected_value.includes?(actual_value)
+    end
+
+    private def match_impl?(expected_value : Range(B, E), actual_value : Comparable(B)) : Bool forall B, E
+      expected_value.includes?(actual_value)
+    end
+
+    private def match_impl?(expected_value : Range(B, E), actual_value : T) : Bool forall B, E, T
+      return false unless actual_value.is_a?(B) || actual_value.is_a?(Comparable(B))
+      expected_value.includes?(actual_value)
+    end
+
+    private def match_impl?(expected_value : Range(Number, Number), actual_value : Number) : Bool
+      expected_value.includes?(actual_value)
     end
 
     # Message displayed when the matcher isn't satisfied.

src/spectator/matchers/receive_matcher.cr

@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ module Spectator::Matchers
 
     # Short text about the matcher's purpose.
     def description : String
-      "received #{@stub} #{humanize_count}"
+      "received #{@stub.message} #{humanize_count}"
     end
 
     # Actually performs the test against the expression (value or block).
@@ -89,10 +89,10 @@ module Spectator::Matchers
       stubbed = actual.value
       calls = relevant_calls(stubbed)
       if @count.includes?(calls.size)
-        SuccessfulMatchData.new("#{actual.label} received #{@stub} #{humanize_count}")
+        SuccessfulMatchData.new("#{actual.label} received #{@stub.message} #{humanize_count}")
       else
-        FailedMatchData.new("#{actual.label} received #{@stub} #{humanize_count}",
-          "#{actual.label} did not receive #{@stub}", values(actual).to_a)
+        FailedMatchData.new("#{actual.label} received #{@stub.message} #{humanize_count}",
+          "#{actual.label} did not receive #{@stub.message}", values(actual).to_a)
       end
     end
 
@@ -106,9 +106,9 @@ module Spectator::Matchers
       stubbed = actual.value
       calls = relevant_calls(stubbed)
       if @count.includes?(calls.size)
-        FailedMatchData.new("#{actual.label} did not receive #{@stub}", "#{actual.label} received #{@stub}", negated_values(actual).to_a)
+        FailedMatchData.new("#{actual.label} did not receive #{@stub.message}", "#{actual.label} received #{@stub.message}", negated_values(actual).to_a)
       else
-        SuccessfulMatchData.new("#{actual.label} did not receive #{@stub} #{humanize_count}")
+        SuccessfulMatchData.new("#{actual.label} did not receive #{@stub.message} #{humanize_count}")
       end
     end
 
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ module Spectator::Matchers
     # Additional information about the match failure.
     private def values(actual : Expression(T)) forall T
       {
-        expected: @stub.to_s,
+        expected: @stub.message,
         actual:   method_call_list(actual.value),
       }
     end
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ module Spectator::Matchers
     # Additional information about the match failure when negated.
     private def negated_values(actual : Expression(T)) forall T
       {
-        expected: "Not #{@stub}",
+        expected: "Not #{@stub.message}",
         actual:   method_call_list(actual.value),
       }
     end

src/spectator/mocks/abstract_arguments.cr

@@ -1,5 +1,61 @@
 module Spectator
   # Untyped arguments to a method call (message).
   abstract class AbstractArguments
+    # Use the string representation to avoid over complicating debug output.
+    def inspect(io : IO) : Nil
+      to_s(io)
+    end
+
+    # Utility method for comparing two tuples considering special types.
+    private def compare_tuples(a : Tuple | Array, b : Tuple | Array)
+      return false if a.size != b.size
+
+      a.zip(b) do |a_value, b_value|
+        return false unless compare_values(a_value, b_value)
+      end
+      true
+    end
+
+    # Utility method for comparing two tuples considering special types.
+    # Supports nilable tuples (ideal for splats).
+    private def compare_tuples(a : Tuple? | Array?, b : Tuple? | Array?)
+      return false if a.nil? ^ b.nil?
+
+      compare_tuples(a.not_nil!, b.not_nil!)
+    end
+
+    # Utility method for comparing two named tuples ignoring order.
+    private def compare_named_tuples(a : NamedTuple | Hash, b : NamedTuple | Hash)
+      a.each do |k, v1|
+        v2 = b.fetch(k) { return false }
+        return false unless compare_values(v1, v2)
+      end
+      true
+    end
+
+    # Utility method for comparing two arguments considering special types.
+    # Some types used for case-equality don't work well with unexpected right-hand types.
+    # This can happen when the right side is a massive union of types.
+    private def compare_values(a, b)
+      case a
+      when Proc
+        # Using procs as argument matchers isn't supported currently.
+        # Compare directly instead.
+        a == b
+      when Range
+        # Ranges can only be matched against if their right side is comparable.
+        # Ensure the right side is comparable, otherwise compare directly.
+        return a === b if b.is_a?(Comparable(typeof(b)))
+        a == b
+      when Tuple, Array
+        return compare_tuples(a, b) if b.is_a?(Tuple) || b.is_a?(Array)
+        a === b
+      when NamedTuple, Hash
+        return compare_named_tuples(a, b) if b.is_a?(NamedTuple) || b.is_a?(Hash)
+        a === b
+      else
+        a === b
+      end
+    end
   end
 end

src/spectator/mocks/allow.cr

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+require "../harness"
 require "./stub"
 require "./stubbable"
 require "./stubbed_type"
@@ -21,6 +22,7 @@ module Spectator
     # Applies a stub to the targeted stubbable object.
     def to(stub : Stub) : Nil
       @target._spectator_define_stub(stub)
+      Harness.current?.try &.cleanup { @target._spectator_remove_stub(stub) }
     end
   end
 end

src/spectator/mocks/arguments.cr

@@ -4,22 +4,19 @@ module Spectator
   # Arguments used in a method call.
   #
   # Can also be used to match arguments.
-  # *T* must be a `Tuple` type representing the positional arguments.
-  # *NT* must be a `NamedTuple` type representing the keyword arguments.
-  class Arguments(T, NT) < AbstractArguments
+  # *Args* must be a `Tuple` representing the standard arguments.
+  # *KWArgs* must be a `NamedTuple` type representing extra keyword arguments.
+  class Arguments(Args, KWArgs) < AbstractArguments
     # Positional arguments.
-    getter args : T
+    getter args : Args
 
     # Keyword arguments.
-    getter kwargs : NT
+    getter kwargs : KWArgs
 
     # Creates arguments used in a method call.
-    def initialize(@args : T, @kwargs : NT)
-    end
-
-    # Constructs an instance from literal arguments.
-    def self.capture(*args, **kwargs) : AbstractArguments
-      new(args, kwargs).as(AbstractArguments)
+    def initialize(@args : Args, @kwargs : KWArgs)
+      {% raise "Positional arguments (generic type Args) must be a Tuple" unless Args <= Tuple %}
+      {% raise "Keyword arguments (generic type KWArgs) must be a NamedTuple" unless KWArgs <= NamedTuple %}
     end
 
     # Instance of empty arguments.
@@ -30,9 +27,14 @@ module Spectator
       nil.as(AbstractArguments?)
     end
 
+    # Friendlier constructor for capturing arguments.
+    def self.capture(*args, **kwargs)
+      new(args, kwargs)
+    end
+
     # Returns the positional argument at the specified index.
     def [](index : Int)
-      @args[index]
+      args[index]
     end
 
     # Returns the specified named argument.
@@ -40,6 +42,16 @@ module Spectator
       @kwargs[arg]
     end
 
+    # Returns all arguments and splatted arguments as a tuple.
+    def positional : Tuple
+      args
+    end
+
+    # Returns all named positional and keyword arguments as a named tuple.
+    def named : NamedTuple
+      kwargs
+    end
+
     # Constructs a string representation of the arguments.
     def to_s(io : IO) : Nil
       return io << "(no args)" if args.empty? && kwargs.empty?
@@ -53,39 +65,46 @@ module Spectator
       end
 
       # Add the keyword arguments.
-      size = args.size + kwargs.size
-      kwargs.each_with_index(args.size) do |k, v, i|
-        io << ", " if 0 < i < size
-        io << k << ": "
-        v.inspect(io)
+      kwargs.each_with_index(args.size) do |key, value, i|
+        io << ", " if i > 0
+        io << key << ": "
+        value.inspect(io)
       end
 
       io << ')'
     end
 
     # Checks if this set of arguments and another are equal.
-    def ==(other : Arguments)
-      args == other.args && kwargs == other.kwargs
+    def ==(other : AbstractArguments)
+      positional == other.positional && kwargs == other.kwargs
     end
 
     # Checks if another set of arguments matches this set of arguments.
     def ===(other : Arguments)
-      args === other.args && named_tuples_match?(kwargs, other.kwargs)
+      compare_tuples(positional, other.positional) && compare_named_tuples(kwargs, other.kwargs)
     end
 
-    # Checks if two named tuples match.
-    #
-    # Uses case equality (`===`) on every key-value pair.
-    # NamedTuple doesn't have a `===` operator, even though Tuple does.
-    private def named_tuples_match?(a : NamedTuple, b : NamedTuple)
-      return false if a.size != b.size
+    # :ditto:
+    def ===(other : FormalArguments)
+      return false unless compare_named_tuples(kwargs, other.named)
 
-      a.each do |k, v|
-        return false unless b.has_key?(k)
-        return false unless v === b[k]
+      i = 0
+      other.args.each do |k, v2|
+        break if i >= positional.size
+        next if kwargs.has_key?(k) # Covered by named arguments.
+
+        v1 = positional[i]
+        i += 1
+        return false unless compare_values(v1, v2)
       end
 
-      true
+      other.splat.try &.each do |v2|
+        v1 = positional.fetch(i) { return false }
+        i += 1
+        return false unless compare_values(v1, v2)
+      end
+
+      i == positional.size
     end
   end
 end

src/spectator/mocks/double.cr

@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ module Spectator
           end
         {% end %}
 
-        {% if block %}{{block.body}}{% end %}
+        {{block.body if block}}
       end
     end
 
@@ -95,16 +95,38 @@ module Spectator
       false
     end
 
+    # Simplified string representation of a double.
+    # Avoids displaying nested content and bloating method instantiation.
+    def to_s(io : IO) : Nil
+      io << "#<" + {{@type.name(generic_args: false).stringify}} + " "
+      io << _spectator_stubbed_name << '>'
+    end
+
+    # :ditto:
+    def inspect(io : IO) : Nil
+      io << "#<" + {{@type.name(generic_args: false).stringify}} + " "
+      io << _spectator_stubbed_name
+
+      io << ":0x"
+      object_id.to_s(io, 16)
+      io << '>'
+    end
+
     # Defines a stub to change the behavior of a method in this double.
     #
     # NOTE: Defining a stub for a method not defined in the double's type has no effect.
     protected def _spectator_define_stub(stub : Stub) : Nil
-      Log.debug { "Defined stub for #{_spectator_stubbed_name} #{stub}" }
+      Log.debug { "Defined stub for #{inspect} #{stub}" }
       @stubs.unshift(stub)
     end
 
+    protected def _spectator_remove_stub(stub : Stub) : Nil
+      Log.debug { "Removing stub #{stub} from #{inspect}" }
+      @stubs.delete(stub)
+    end
+
     protected def _spectator_clear_stubs : Nil
-      Log.debug { "Clearing stubs for #{_spectator_stubbed_name}" }
+      Log.debug { "Clearing stubs for #{inspect}" }
       @stubs.clear
     end
 
@@ -134,17 +156,17 @@ module Spectator
     # Returns the double's name formatted for user output.
     private def _spectator_stubbed_name : String
       {% if anno = @type.annotation(StubbedName) %}
-        "#<Double " + {{(anno[0] || :Anonymous.id).stringify}} + ">"
+        {{(anno[0] || :Anonymous.id).stringify}}
       {% else %}
-        "#<Double Anonymous>"
+        "Anonymous"
       {% end %}
     end
 
     private def self._spectator_stubbed_name : String
       {% if anno = @type.annotation(StubbedName) %}
-        "#<Class Double " + {{(anno[0] || :Anonymous.id).stringify}} + ">"
+        {{(anno[0] || :Anonymous.id).stringify}}
       {% else %}
-        "#<Class Double Anonymous>"
+        "Anonymous"
       {% end %}
     end
 
@@ -164,7 +186,7 @@ module Spectator
         "Stubs are defined for #{call.method.inspect}, but none matched (no argument constraints met)."
       end
 
-      raise UnexpectedMessage.new("#{_spectator_stubbed_name} received unexpected message #{call}")
+      raise UnexpectedMessage.new("#{inspect} received unexpected message #{call}")
     end
 
     private def _spectator_abstract_stub_fallback(call : MethodCall, type)
@@ -179,12 +201,13 @@ module Spectator
     # Handle all methods but only respond to configured messages.
     # Raises an `UnexpectedMessage` error for non-configures messages.
     macro method_missing(call)
-      Log.trace { "Got undefined method `{{call.name}}({{*call.args}}{% if call.named_args %}{% unless call.args.empty? %}, {% end %}{{*call.named_args}}{% end %}){% if call.block %} { ... }{% end %}`" }
-      args = ::Spectator::Arguments.capture({{call.args.splat(", ")}}{% if call.named_args %}{{*call.named_args}}{% end %})
+      args = ::Spectator::Arguments.capture({{call.args.splat(", ")}}{{call.named_args.splat if call.named_args}})
       call = ::Spectator::MethodCall.new({{call.name.symbolize}}, args)
       _spectator_record_call(call)
 
-      raise ::Spectator::UnexpectedMessage.new("#{_spectator_stubbed_name} received unexpected message #{call}")
+      Log.trace { "#{inspect} got undefined method `#{call}{% if call.block %} { ... }{% end %}`" }
+
+      raise ::Spectator::UnexpectedMessage.new("#{inspect} received unexpected message #{call}")
       nil # Necessary for compiler to infer return type as nil. Avoids runtime "can't execute ... `x` has no type errors".
     end
   end

src/spectator/mocks/exception_stub.cr

@@ -20,6 +20,12 @@ module Spectator
     def initialize(method : Symbol, @exception : Exception, constraint : AbstractArguments? = nil, location : Location? = nil)
       super(method, constraint, location)
     end
+
+    # String representation of the stub, formatted as a method call.
+    def to_s(io : IO) : Nil
+      super
+      io << " # raises " << @exception
+    end
   end
 
   module StubModifiers

src/spectator/mocks/formal_arguments.cr

@@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
+require "./abstract_arguments"
+
+module Spectator
+  # Arguments passed into a method.
+  #
+  # *Args* must be a `NamedTuple` type representing the standard arguments.
+  # *Splat* must be a `Tuple` type representing the extra positional arguments.
+  # *DoubleSplat* must be a `NamedTuple` type representing extra keyword arguments.
+  class FormalArguments(Args, Splat, DoubleSplat) < AbstractArguments
+    # Positional arguments.
+    getter args : Args
+
+    # Additional positional arguments.
+    getter splat : Splat
+
+    # Keyword arguments.
+    getter kwargs : DoubleSplat
+
+    # Name of the splat argument, if used.
+    getter splat_name : Symbol?
+
+    # Creates arguments used in a method call.
+    def initialize(@args : Args, @splat_name : Symbol?, @splat : Splat, @kwargs : DoubleSplat)
+      {% raise "Positional arguments (generic type Args) must be a NamedTuple" unless Args <= NamedTuple %}
+      {% raise "Splat arguments (generic type Splat) must be a Tuple" unless Splat <= Tuple || Splat <= Nil %}
+      {% raise "Keyword arguments (generic type DoubleSplat) must be a NamedTuple" unless DoubleSplat <= NamedTuple %}
+    end
+
+    # Creates arguments used in a method call.
+    def self.new(args : Args, kwargs : DoubleSplat)
+      new(args, nil, nil, kwargs)
+    end
+
+    # Captures arguments passed to a call.
+    def self.build(args = NamedTuple.new, kwargs = NamedTuple.new)
+      new(args, nil, nil, kwargs)
+    end
+
+    # :ditto:
+    def self.build(args : NamedTuple, splat_name : Symbol, splat : Tuple, kwargs = NamedTuple.new)
+      new(args, splat_name, splat, kwargs)
+    end
+
+    # Instance of empty arguments.
+    class_getter none : AbstractArguments = build
+
+    # Returns the positional argument at the specified index.
+    def [](index : Int)
+      positional[index]
+    end
+
+    # Returns the specified named argument.
+    def [](arg : Symbol)
+      return @args[arg] if @args.has_key?(arg)
+      @kwargs[arg]
+    end
+
+    # Returns all arguments and splatted arguments as a tuple.
+    def positional : Tuple
+      if (splat = @splat)
+        args.values + splat
+      else
+        args.values
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Returns all named positional and keyword arguments as a named tuple.
+    def named : NamedTuple
+      args.merge(kwargs)
+    end
+
+    # Constructs a string representation of the arguments.
+    def to_s(io : IO) : Nil
+      return io << "(no args)" if args.empty? && ((splat = @splat).nil? || splat.empty?) && kwargs.empty?
+
+      io << '('
+
+      # Add the positional arguments.
+      {% if Args < NamedTuple %}
+        # Include argument names.
+        args.each_with_index do |name, value, i|
+          io << ", " if i > 0
+          io << name << ": "
+          value.inspect(io)
+        end
+      {% else %}
+        args.each_with_index do |arg, i|
+          io << ", " if i > 0
+          arg.inspect(io)
+        end
+      {% end %}
+
+      # Add the splat arguments.
+      if (splat = @splat) && !splat.empty?
+        io << ", " unless args.empty?
+        if splat_name = !args.empty? && @splat_name
+          io << '*' << splat_name << ": {"
+        end
+        splat.each_with_index do |arg, i|
+          io << ", " if i > 0
+          arg.inspect(io)
+        end
+        io << '}' if splat_name
+      end
+
+      # Add the keyword arguments.
+      offset = args.size
+      offset += splat.size if (splat = @splat)
+      kwargs.each_with_index(offset) do |key, value, i|
+        io << ", " if i > 0
+        io << key << ": "
+        value.inspect(io)
+      end
+
+      io << ')'
+    end
+
+    # Checks if this set of arguments and another are equal.
+    def ==(other : AbstractArguments)
+      positional == other.positional && kwargs == other.kwargs
+    end
+
+    # Checks if another set of arguments matches this set of arguments.
+    def ===(other : Arguments)
+      compare_tuples(positional, other.positional) && compare_named_tuples(kwargs, other.kwargs)
+    end
+
+    # :ditto:
+    def ===(other : FormalArguments)
+      compare_named_tuples(args, other.args) && compare_tuples(splat, other.splat) && compare_named_tuples(kwargs, other.kwargs)
+    end
+  end
+end

src/spectator/mocks/lazy_double.cr

@@ -26,15 +26,24 @@ module Spectator
       super(_spectator_double_stubs + message_stubs)
     end
 
+    # Defines a stub to change the behavior of a method in this double.
+    #
+    # NOTE: Defining a stub for a method not defined in the double's type raises an error.
+    protected def _spectator_define_stub(stub : Stub) : Nil
+      return super if Messages.types.has_key?(stub.method)
+
+      raise "Can't define stub #{stub} on lazy double because it wasn't initially defined."
+    end
+
     # Returns the double's name formatted for user output.
     private def _spectator_stubbed_name : String
-      "#<LazyDouble #{@name || "Anonymous"}>"
+      @name || "Anonymous"
     end
 
     private def _spectator_stub_fallback(call : MethodCall, &)
       if _spectator_stub_for_method?(call.method)
         Log.info { "Stubs are defined for #{call.method.inspect}, but none matched (no argument constraints met)." }
-        raise UnexpectedMessage.new("#{_spectator_stubbed_name} received unexpected message #{call}")
+        raise UnexpectedMessage.new("#{inspect} received unexpected message #{call}")
       else
         Log.trace { "Fallback for #{call} - call original" }
         yield
@@ -43,13 +52,13 @@ module Spectator
 
     # Handles all messages.
     macro method_missing(call)
-      Log.trace { "Got undefined method `{{call.name}}({{*call.args}}{% if call.named_args %}{% unless call.args.empty? %}, {% end %}{{*call.named_args}}{% end %}){% if call.block %} { ... }{% end %}`" }
-
       # Capture information about the call.
-      %args = ::Spectator::Arguments.capture({{call.args.splat(", ")}}{% if call.named_args %}{{*call.named_args}}{% end %})
+      %args = ::Spectator::Arguments.capture({{call.args.splat(", ")}}{{call.named_args.splat if call.named_args}})
       %call = ::Spectator::MethodCall.new({{call.name.symbolize}}, %args)
       _spectator_record_call(%call)
 
+      Log.trace { "#{inspect} got undefined method `#{%call}{% if call.block %} { ... }{% end %}`" }
+
       # Attempt to find a stub that satisfies the method call and arguments.
       if %stub = _spectator_find_stub(%call)
         # Cast the stub or return value to the expected type.

src/spectator/mocks/method_call.cr

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 require "./abstract_arguments"
 require "./arguments"
+require "./formal_arguments"
 
 module Spectator
   # Stores information about a call to a method.
@@ -16,13 +17,26 @@ module Spectator
 
     # Creates a method call by splatting its arguments.
     def self.capture(method : Symbol, *args, **kwargs)
-      arguments = Arguments.new(args, kwargs).as(AbstractArguments)
+      arguments = Arguments.capture(*args, **kwargs).as(AbstractArguments)
+      new(method, arguments)
+    end
+
+    # Creates a method call from within a method.
+    # Takes the same arguments as `FormalArguments.build` but with the method name first.
+    def self.build(method : Symbol, *args, **kwargs)
+      arguments = FormalArguments.build(*args, **kwargs).as(AbstractArguments)
       new(method, arguments)
     end
 
     # Constructs a string containing the method name and arguments.
     def to_s(io : IO) : Nil
-      io << '#' << method << arguments
+      io << '#' << method
+      arguments.inspect(io)
+    end
+
+    # :ditto:
+    def inspect(io : IO) : Nil
+      to_s(io)
     end
   end
 end

src/spectator/mocks/mock.cr

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 require "./method_call"
 require "./mocked"
+require "./mock_registry"
 require "./reference_mock_registry"
 require "./stub"
 require "./stubbed_name"
@@ -36,7 +37,35 @@ module Spectator
     macro define_subtype(base, mocked_type, type_name, name = nil, **value_methods, &block)
       {% begin %}
         {% if name %}@[::Spectator::StubbedName({{name}})]{% end %}
-        {{base.id}} {{type_name.id}} < {{mocked_type.id}}
+        {% if base.id == :module.id %}
+          {{base.id}} {{type_name.id}}
+            include {{mocked_type.id}}
+
+            # Mock class that includes the mocked module {{mocked_type.id}}
+            {% if name %}@[::Spectator::StubbedName({{name}})]{% end %}
+            private class ClassIncludingMock{{type_name.id}}
+              include {{type_name.id}}
+            end
+
+            # Returns a mock class that includes the mocked module {{mocked_type.id}}.
+            def self.new(*args, **kwargs) : ClassIncludingMock{{type_name.id}}
+              # FIXME: Creating the instance normally with `.new` causing infinite recursion.
+              inst = ClassIncludingMock{{type_name.id}}.allocate
+              inst.initialize(*args, **kwargs)
+              inst
+            end
+
+            # Returns a mock class that includes the mocked module {{mocked_type.id}}.
+            def self.new(*args, **kwargs) : ClassIncludingMock{{type_name.id}}
+              # FIXME: Creating the instance normally with `.new` causing infinite recursion.
+              inst = ClassIncludingMock{{type_name.id}}.allocate
+              inst.initialize(*args, **kwargs) { |*yargs| yield *yargs }
+              inst
+            end
+
+        {% else %}
+          {{base.id}} {{type_name.id}} < {{mocked_type.id}}
+        {% end %}
           include ::Spectator::Mocked
           extend ::Spectator::StubbedType
 
@@ -50,18 +79,22 @@ module Spectator
             end
           {% end %}
 
-          def _spectator_clear_stubs : Nil
+          def _spectator_remove_stub(stub : ::Spectator::Stub) : ::Nil
+            @_spectator_stubs.try &.delete(stub)
+          end
+
+          def _spectator_clear_stubs : ::Nil
             @_spectator_stubs = nil
           end
 
-          private class_getter _spectator_stubs : Array(::Spectator::Stub) = [] of ::Spectator::Stub
+          private class_getter _spectator_stubs : ::Array(::Spectator::Stub) = [] of ::Spectator::Stub
 
-          class_getter _spectator_calls : Array(::Spectator::MethodCall) = [] of ::Spectator::MethodCall
+          class_getter _spectator_calls : ::Array(::Spectator::MethodCall) = [] of ::Spectator::MethodCall
 
           getter _spectator_calls = [] of ::Spectator::MethodCall
 
           # Returns the mock's name formatted for user output.
-          private def _spectator_stubbed_name : String
+          private def _spectator_stubbed_name : ::String
             \{% if anno = @type.annotation(::Spectator::StubbedName) %}
               "#<Mock {{mocked_type.id}} \"" + \{{(anno[0] || :Anonymous.id).stringify}} + "\">"
             \{% else %}
@@ -69,7 +102,7 @@ module Spectator
             \{% end %}
           end
 
-          private def self._spectator_stubbed_name : String
+          private def self._spectator_stubbed_name : ::String
             \{% if anno = @type.annotation(::Spectator::StubbedName) %}
               "#<Class Mock {{mocked_type.id}} \"" + \{{(anno[0] || :Anonymous.id).stringify}} + "\">"
             \{% else %}
@@ -80,7 +113,7 @@ module Spectator
           macro finished
             stub_type {{mocked_type.id}}
 
-            {% if block %}{{block.body}}{% end %}
+            {{block.body if block}}
           end
         end
       {% end %}
@@ -125,12 +158,12 @@ module Spectator
           {% elsif base == :struct %}
             @@_spectator_mock_registry = ::Spectator::ValueMockRegistry(self).new
           {% else %}
-            {% raise "Unsupported base type #{base} for injecting mock" %}
+            @@_spectator_mock_registry = ::Spectator::MockRegistry.new
           {% end %}
 
-          private class_getter _spectator_stubs : Array(::Spectator::Stub) = [] of ::Spectator::Stub
+          private class_getter _spectator_stubs : ::Array(::Spectator::Stub) = [] of ::Spectator::Stub
 
-          class_getter _spectator_calls : Array(::Spectator::MethodCall) = [] of ::Spectator::MethodCall
+          class_getter _spectator_calls : ::Array(::Spectator::MethodCall) = [] of ::Spectator::MethodCall
 
           private def _spectator_stubs
             entry = @@_spectator_mock_registry.fetch(self) do
@@ -139,7 +172,11 @@ module Spectator
             entry.stubs
           end
 
-          def _spectator_clear_stubs : Nil
+          def _spectator_remove_stub(stub : ::Spectator::Stub) : ::Nil
+            @@_spectator_mock_registry[self]?.try &.stubs.delete(stub)
+          end
+
+          def _spectator_clear_stubs : ::Nil
             @@_spectator_mock_registry.delete(self)
           end
 
@@ -161,7 +198,7 @@ module Spectator
           end
 
           # Returns the mock's name formatted for user output.
-          private def _spectator_stubbed_name : String
+          private def _spectator_stubbed_name : ::String
             \{% if anno = @type.annotation(::Spectator::StubbedName) %}
               "#<Mock {{type_name.id}} \"" + \{{(anno[0] || :Anonymous.id).stringify}} + "\">"
             \{% else %}
@@ -170,7 +207,7 @@ module Spectator
           end
 
           # Returns the mock's name formatted for user output.
-          private def self._spectator_stubbed_name : String
+          private def self._spectator_stubbed_name : ::String
             \{% if anno = @type.annotation(::Spectator::StubbedName) %}
               "#<Class Mock {{type_name.id}} \"" + \{{(anno[0] || :Anonymous.id).stringify}} + "\">"
             \{% else %}
@@ -181,7 +218,7 @@ module Spectator
           macro finished
             stub_type {{type_name.id}}
 
-            {% if block %}{{block.body}}{% end %}
+            {{block.body if block}}
           end
         end
       {% end %}

src/spectator/mocks/mock_registry.cr

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+require "./mock_registry_entry"
+require "./stub"
+
+module Spectator
+  # Stores collections of stubs for mocked types.
+  #
+  # This type is intended for all mocked modules that have functionality "injected."
+  # That is, the type itself has mock functionality bolted on.
+  # Adding instance members should be avoided, for instance, it could mess up serialization.
+  class MockRegistry
+    @entry : MockRegistryEntry?
+
+    # Retrieves all stubs.
+    def [](_object = nil)
+      @entry.not_nil!
+    end
+
+    # Retrieves all stubs.
+    def []?(_object = nil)
+      @entry
+    end
+
+    # Retrieves all stubs.
+    #
+    # Yields to the block on the first retrieval.
+    # This allows a mock to populate the registry with initial stubs.
+    def fetch(object : Reference, & : -> Array(Stub))
+      entry = @entry
+      if entry.nil?
+        entry = MockRegistryEntry.new
+        entry.stubs = yield
+        @entry = entry
+      else
+        entry
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Clears all stubs defined for a mocked object.
+    def delete(object : Reference) : Nil
+      @entry = nil
+    end
+  end
+end

src/spectator/mocks/mocked.cr

@@ -26,6 +26,10 @@ module Spectator
       _spectator_stubs.unshift(stub)
     end
 
+    def _spectator_remove_stub(stub : Stub) : Nil
+      _spectator_stubs.delete(stub)
+    end
+
     def _spectator_clear_stubs : Nil
       _spectator_stubs.clear
     end

src/spectator/mocks/null_double.cr

@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ module Spectator
     private def _spectator_abstract_stub_fallback(call : MethodCall)
       if _spectator_stub_for_method?(call.method)
         Log.info { "Stubs are defined for #{call.method.inspect}, but none matched (no argument constraints met)." }
-        raise UnexpectedMessage.new("#{_spectator_stubbed_name} received unexpected message #{call}")
+        raise UnexpectedMessage.new("#{inspect} received unexpected message #{call}")
       else
         Log.trace { "Fallback for #{call} - return self" }
         self
@@ -42,22 +42,22 @@ module Spectator
     private def _spectator_abstract_stub_fallback(call : MethodCall, type)
       if _spectator_stub_for_method?(call.method)
         Log.info { "Stubs are defined for #{call.method.inspect}, but none matched (no argument constraints met)." }
-        raise UnexpectedMessage.new("#{_spectator_stubbed_name} received unexpected message #{call}")
+        raise UnexpectedMessage.new("#{inspect} received unexpected message #{call}")
       else
-        raise TypeCastError.new("#{_spectator_stubbed_name} received message #{call} and is attempting to return `self`, but returned type must be `#{type}`.")
+        raise TypeCastError.new("#{inspect} received message #{call} and is attempting to return `self`, but returned type must be `#{type}`.")
       end
     end
 
     # Handles all undefined messages.
     # Returns stubbed values if available, otherwise delegates to `#_spectator_abstract_stub_fallback`.
     macro method_missing(call)
-      Log.trace { "Got undefined method `{{call.name}}({{*call.args}}{% if call.named_args %}{% unless call.args.empty? %}, {% end %}{{*call.named_args}}{% end %}){% if call.block %} { ... }{% end %}`" }
-
       # Capture information about the call.
-      %args = ::Spectator::Arguments.capture({{call.args.splat(", ")}}{% if call.named_args %}{{*call.named_args}}{% end %})
+      %args = ::Spectator::Arguments.capture({{call.args.splat(", ")}}{{call.named_args.splat if call.named_args}})
       %call = ::Spectator::MethodCall.new({{call.name.symbolize}}, %args)
       _spectator_record_call(%call)
 
+      Log.trace { "#{inspect} got undefined method `#{%call}{% if call.block %} { ... }{% end %}`" }
+
       self
     end
   end

src/spectator/mocks/reference_mock_registry.cr

@@ -25,6 +25,12 @@ module Spectator
       @entries[key]
     end
 
+    # Retrieves all stubs defined for a mocked object or nil if the object isn't mocked yet.
+    def []?(object : Reference)
+      key = Box.box(object)
+      @entries[key]?
+    end
+
     # Retrieves all stubs defined for a mocked object.
     #
     # Yields to the block on the first retrieval.

src/spectator/mocks/stub.cr

@@ -22,6 +22,23 @@ module Spectator
     def initialize(@method : Symbol, @constraint : AbstractArguments? = nil, @location : Location? = nil)
     end
 
+    # String representation of the stub, formatted as a method call.
+    def message(io : IO) : Nil
+      io << "#" << method << (constraint || "(any args)")
+    end
+
+    # String representation of the stub, formatted as a method call.
+    def message
+      String.build do |str|
+        message(str)
+      end
+    end
+
+    # String representation of the stub, formatted as a method definition.
+    def to_s(io : IO) : Nil
+      message(io)
+    end
+
     # Checks if a method call should receive the response from this stub.
     def ===(call : MethodCall)
       return false if method != call.method
@@ -29,10 +46,5 @@ module Spectator
 
       constraint === call.arguments
     end
-
-    # String representation of the stub, formatted as a method call.
-    def to_s(io : IO) : Nil
-      io << "#" << method << (constraint || "(any args)")
-    end
   end
 end

src/spectator/mocks/stubbable.cr

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 require "../dsl/reserved"
-require "./arguments"
+require "./formal_arguments"
 require "./method_call"
 require "./stub"
 require "./typed_stub"
@@ -28,6 +28,9 @@ module Spectator
     # Defines a stub to change the behavior of a method.
     abstract def _spectator_define_stub(stub : Stub) : Nil
 
+    # Removes a specific, previously defined stub.
+    abstract def _spectator_remove_stub(stub : Stub) : Nil
+
     # Clears all previously defined stubs.
     abstract def _spectator_clear_stubs : Nil
 
@@ -115,7 +118,7 @@ module Spectator
       {% raise "Default stub cannot be an abstract method" if method.abstract? %}
       {% raise "Cannot stub method with reserved keyword as name - #{method.name}" if method.name.starts_with?("_spectator") || ::Spectator::DSL::RESERVED_KEYWORDS.includes?(method.name.symbolize) %}
 
-      {{visibility.id if visibility != :public}} def {{method.receiver && "#{method.receiver}.".id}}{{method.name}}(
+      {{visibility.id if visibility != :public}} def {{"#{method.receiver}.".id if method.receiver}}{{method.name}}(
         {% for arg, i in method.args %}{% if i == method.splat_index %}*{% end %}{{arg}}, {% end %}
         {% if method.double_splat %}**{{method.double_splat}}, {% end %}
         {% if method.block_arg %}&{{method.block_arg}}{% elsif method.accepts_block? %}&{% end %}
@@ -123,25 +126,64 @@ module Spectator
         {{method.body}}
       end
 
-      {% original = "previous_def#{" { |*_spectator_yargs| yield *_spectator_yargs }".id if method.accepts_block?}".id %}
+      {% original = "previous_def"
+         # Workaround for Crystal not propagating block with previous_def/super.
+         if method.accepts_block?
+           original += "("
+           if method.splat_index
+             method.args.each_with_index do |arg, i|
+               if i == method.splat_index
+                 if arg.internal_name && arg.internal_name.size > 0
+                   original += "*#{arg.internal_name}, "
+                 end
+                 original += "**#{method.double_splat}, " if method.double_splat
+               elsif i > method.splat_index
+                 original += "#{arg.name}: #{arg.internal_name}, "
+               else
+                 original += "#{arg.internal_name}, "
+               end
+             end
+           else
+             method.args.each do |arg|
+               original += "#{arg.internal_name}, "
+             end
+             original += "**#{method.double_splat}, " if method.double_splat
+           end
+           # If the block is captured (i.e. `&block` syntax), it must be passed along as an argument.
+           # Otherwise, use `yield` to forward the block.
+           captured_block = if method.block_arg && method.block_arg.name && method.block_arg.name.size > 0
+                              method.block_arg.name
+                            else
+                              nil
+                            end
+           original += "&#{captured_block}" if captured_block
+           original += ")"
+           original += " { |*_spectator_yargs| yield *_spectator_yargs }" unless captured_block
+         end
+         original = original.id %}
 
       {% # Reconstruct the method signature.
 # I wish there was a better way of doing this, but there isn't (at least not that I'm aware of).
 # This chunk of code must reconstruct the method signature exactly as it was originally.
 # If it doesn't match, it doesn't override the method and the stubbing won't work.
   %}
-      {{visibility.id if visibility != :public}} def {{method.receiver && "#{method.receiver}.".id}}{{method.name}}(
+      {{visibility.id if visibility != :public}} def {{"#{method.receiver}.".id if method.receiver}}{{method.name}}(
         {% for arg, i in method.args %}{% if i == method.splat_index %}*{% end %}{{arg}}, {% end %}
         {% if method.double_splat %}**{{method.double_splat}}, {% end %}
         {% if method.block_arg %}&{{method.block_arg}}{% elsif method.accepts_block? %}&{% end %}
       ){% if method.return_type %} : {{method.return_type}}{% end %}{% if !method.free_vars.empty? %} forall {{method.free_vars.splat}}{% end %}
 
         # Capture information about the call.
-        %args = ::Spectator::Arguments.capture(
-          {% for arg, i in method.args %}{% if i == method.splat_index %}*{% end %}{{arg.internal_name}}, {% end %}
-          {% if method.double_splat %}**{{method.double_splat}}{% end %}
+        %call = ::Spectator::MethodCall.build(
+          {{method.name.symbolize}},
+          ::NamedTuple.new(
+            {% for arg, i in method.args %}{% if !method.splat_index || i < method.splat_index %}{{arg.internal_name.stringify}}: {{arg.internal_name}}, {% end %}{% end %}
+          ),
+          {% if method.splat_index && !(splat = method.args[method.splat_index].internal_name).empty? %}{{splat.symbolize}}, {{splat}},{% end %}
+          ::NamedTuple.new(
+            {% for arg, i in method.args %}{% if method.splat_index && i > method.splat_index %}{{arg.internal_name.stringify}}: {{arg.internal_name}}, {% end %}{% end %}
+          ).merge({{method.double_splat}})
         )
-        %call = ::Spectator::MethodCall.new({{method.name.symbolize}}, %args)
         _spectator_record_call(%call)
 
         # Attempt to find a stub that satisfies the method call and arguments.
@@ -150,10 +192,24 @@ module Spectator
           # Cast the stub or return value to the expected type.
           # This is necessary to match the expected return type of the original method.
           _spectator_cast_stub_value(%stub, %call, typeof({{original}}),
-          {{ if method.return_type && method.return_type.resolve == NoReturn
-               :no_return
-             elsif method.return_type && method.return_type.resolve <= Nil || method.return_type.is_a?(Union) && method.return_type.types.map(&.resolve).includes?(Nil)
-               :nil
+          {{ if rt = method.return_type
+               if rt.is_a?(Path) && (resolved = rt.resolve?).is_a?(TypeNode) && resolved <= NoReturn
+                 :no_return
+               else
+                 # Process as an enumerable type to reduce code repetition.
+                 rt = rt.is_a?(Union) ? rt.types : [rt]
+                 # Check if any types are nilable.
+                 nilable = rt.any? do |t|
+                   # These are all macro types that have the `resolve?` method.
+                   (t.is_a?(TypeNode) || t.is_a?(Path) || t.is_a?(Generic) || t.is_a?(MetaClass)) &&
+                     (resolved = t.resolve?).is_a?(TypeNode) && resolved <= Nil
+                 end
+                 if nilable
+                   :nil
+                 else
+                   :raise
+                 end
+               end
              else
                :raise
              end }})
@@ -211,7 +267,7 @@ module Spectator
   %}
 
       {% unless method.abstract? %}
-        {{visibility.id if visibility != :public}} def {{method.receiver && "#{method.receiver}.".id}}{{method.name}}(
+        {{visibility.id if visibility != :public}} def {{"#{method.receiver}.".id if method.receiver}}{{method.name}}(
           {% for arg, i in method.args %}{% if i == method.splat_index %}*{% end %}{{arg}}, {% end %}
           {% if method.double_splat %}**{{method.double_splat}}, {% end %}
           {% if method.block_arg %}&{{method.block_arg}}{% elsif method.accepts_block? %}&{% end %}
@@ -219,7 +275,42 @@ module Spectator
           {{method.body}}
         end
 
-        {% original = "previous_def#{" { |*_spectator_yargs| yield *_spectator_yargs }".id if method.accepts_block?}".id %}
+        {% original = "previous_def"
+           # Workaround for Crystal not propagating block with previous_def/super.
+           if method.accepts_block?
+             original += "("
+             if method.splat_index
+               method.args.each_with_index do |arg, i|
+                 if i == method.splat_index
+                   if arg.internal_name && arg.internal_name.size > 0
+                     original += "*#{arg.internal_name}, "
+                   end
+                   original += "**#{method.double_splat}, " if method.double_splat
+                 elsif i > method.splat_index
+                   original += "#{arg.name}: #{arg.internal_name}"
+                 else
+                   original += "#{arg.internal_name}, "
+                 end
+               end
+             else
+               method.args.each do |arg|
+                 original += "#{arg.internal_name}, "
+               end
+               original += "**#{method.double_splat}, " if method.double_splat
+             end
+             # If the block is captured (i.e. `&block` syntax), it must be passed along as an argument.
+             # Otherwise, use `yield` to forward the block.
+             captured_block = if method.block_arg && method.block_arg.name && method.block_arg.name.size > 0
+                                method.block_arg.name
+                              else
+                                nil
+                              end
+             original += "&#{captured_block}" if captured_block
+             original += ")"
+             original += " { |*_spectator_yargs| yield *_spectator_yargs }" unless captured_block
+           end
+           original = original.id %}
+
       {% end %}
 
       {% # Reconstruct the method signature.
@@ -227,18 +318,23 @@ module Spectator
 # This chunk of code must reconstruct the method signature exactly as it was originally.
 # If it doesn't match, it doesn't override the method and the stubbing won't work.
   %}
-      {{visibility.id if visibility != :public}} def {{method.receiver && "#{method.receiver}.".id}}{{method.name}}(
+      {{visibility.id if visibility != :public}} def {{"#{method.receiver}.".id if method.receiver}}{{method.name}}(
         {% for arg, i in method.args %}{% if i == method.splat_index %}*{% end %}{{arg}}, {% end %}
         {% if method.double_splat %}**{{method.double_splat}}, {% end %}
         {% if method.block_arg %}&{{method.block_arg}}{% elsif method.accepts_block? %}&{% end %}
       ){% if method.return_type %} : {{method.return_type}}{% end %}{% if !method.free_vars.empty? %} forall {{method.free_vars.splat}}{% end %}
 
         # Capture information about the call.
-        %args = ::Spectator::Arguments.capture(
-          {% for arg, i in method.args %}{% if i == method.splat_index %}*{% end %}{{arg.internal_name}}, {% end %}
-          {% if method.double_splat %}**{{method.double_splat}}{% end %}
+        %call = ::Spectator::MethodCall.build(
+          {{method.name.symbolize}},
+          ::NamedTuple.new(
+            {% for arg, i in method.args %}{% if !method.splat_index || i < method.splat_index %}{{arg.internal_name.stringify}}: {{arg.internal_name}}, {% end %}{% end %}
+          ),
+          {% if method.splat_index && !(splat = method.args[method.splat_index].internal_name).empty? %}{{splat.symbolize}}, {{splat}},{% end %}
+          ::NamedTuple.new(
+            {% for arg, i in method.args %}{% if method.splat_index && i > method.splat_index %}{{arg.internal_name.stringify}}: {{arg.internal_name}}, {% end %}{% end %}
+          ).merge({{method.double_splat}})
         )
-        %call = ::Spectator::MethodCall.new({{method.name.symbolize}}, %args)
         _spectator_record_call(%call)
 
         # Attempt to find a stub that satisfies the method call and arguments.
@@ -246,15 +342,25 @@ module Spectator
         if %stub = _spectator_find_stub(%call)
           # Cast the stub or return value to the expected type.
           # This is necessary to match the expected return type of the original method.
-          {% if method.return_type %}
+          {% if rt = method.return_type %}
             # Return type restriction takes priority since it can be a superset of the original implementation.
             _spectator_cast_stub_value(%stub, %call, {{method.return_type}},
-              {{ if method.return_type.resolve == NoReturn
+              {{ if rt.is_a?(Path) && (resolved = rt.resolve?).is_a?(TypeNode) && resolved <= NoReturn
                    :no_return
-                 elsif method.return_type.resolve <= Nil || method.return_type.is_a?(Union) && method.return_type.types.map(&.resolve).includes?(Nil)
-                   :nil
                  else
-                   :raise
+                   # Process as an enumerable type to reduce code repetition.
+                   rt = rt.is_a?(Union) ? rt.types : [rt]
+                   # Check if any types are nilable.
+                   nilable = rt.any? do |t|
+                     # These are all macro types that have the `resolve?` method.
+                     (t.is_a?(TypeNode) || t.is_a?(Path) || t.is_a?(Generic) || t.is_a?(MetaClass)) &&
+                       (resolved = t.resolve?).is_a?(TypeNode) && resolved <= Nil
+                   end
+                   if nilable
+                     :nil
+                   else
+                     :raise
+                   end
                  end }})
           {% elsif !method.abstract? %}
             # The method isn't abstract, infer the type it returns without calling it.
@@ -325,67 +431,96 @@ module Spectator
     # Redefines all methods and ones inherited from its parents and mixins to support stubs.
     private macro stub_type(type_name = @type)
       {% type = type_name.resolve
-         # Reverse order of ancestors (there's currently no reverse method for ArrayLiteral).
-         count = type.ancestors.size
-         ancestors = type.ancestors.map_with_index { |_, i| type.ancestors[count - i - 1] } %}
-      {% for ancestor in ancestors %}
-        {% for method in ancestor.methods.reject do |meth|
-                           meth.name.starts_with?("_spectator") ||
-                             ::Spectator::DSL::RESERVED_KEYWORDS.includes?(meth.name.symbolize)
-                         end %}
-          {{(method.abstract? ? :abstract_stub : :default_stub).id}} {{method.visibility.id if method.visibility != :public}} def {{method.receiver && "#{method.receiver}.".id}}{{method.name}}(
-            {% for arg, i in method.args %}{% if i == method.splat_index %}*{% end %}{{arg}}, {% end %}
-            {% if method.double_splat %}**{{method.double_splat}}, {% end %}
-            {% if method.block_arg %}&{{method.block_arg}}{% elsif method.accepts_block? %}&{% end %}
-          ){% if method.return_type %} : {{method.return_type}}{% end %}{% if !method.free_vars.empty? %} forall {{method.free_vars.splat}}{% end %}
-            super{% if method.accepts_block? %} { |*%yargs| yield *%yargs }{% end %}
-          end
-        {% end %}
+         definitions = [] of Nil
+         scope = if type == @type
+                   :previous_def
+                 elsif type.module?
+                   type.name
+                 else
+                   :super
+                 end.id
 
-        {% for method in ancestor.class.methods.reject do |meth|
-                           meth.name.starts_with?("_spectator") ||
-                             ::Spectator::DSL::RESERVED_KEYWORDS.includes?(meth.name.symbolize)
-                         end %}
-          default_stub {{method.visibility.id if method.visibility != :public}} def self.{{method.name}}(
-            {% for arg, i in method.args %}{% if i == method.splat_index %}*{% end %}{{arg}}, {% end %}
-            {% if method.double_splat %}**{{method.double_splat}}, {% end %}
-            {% if method.block_arg %}&{{method.block_arg}}{% elsif method.accepts_block? %}&{% end %}
-          ){% if method.return_type %} : {{method.return_type}}{% end %}{% if !method.free_vars.empty? %} forall {{method.free_vars.splat}}{% end %}
-            super{% if method.accepts_block? %} { |*%yargs| yield *%yargs }{% end %}
-          end
-        {% end %}
-      {% end %}
+         # Add entries for methods in the target type and its class type.
+         [[:self.id, type.class], [nil, type]].each do |(receiver, t)|
+           t.methods.each do |method|
+             definitions << {
+               type:     t,
+               method:   method,
+               scope:    scope,
+               receiver: receiver,
+             }
+           end
+         end
 
-      {% for method in type.methods.reject do |meth|
-                         meth.name.starts_with?("_spectator") ||
-                           ::Spectator::DSL::RESERVED_KEYWORDS.includes?(meth.name.symbolize)
-                       end %}
-        {{(method.abstract? ? :"abstract_stub abstract" : :default_stub).id}} {{method.visibility.id if method.visibility != :public}} def {{method.receiver && "#{method.receiver}.".id}}{{method.name}}(
+         # Iterate through all ancestors and add their methods.
+         type.ancestors.each do |ancestor|
+           [[:self.id, ancestor.class], [nil, ancestor]].each do |(receiver, t)|
+             t.methods.each do |method|
+               # Skip methods already found to prevent redefining them multiple times.
+               unless definitions.any? do |d|
+                        m = d[:method]
+                        m.name == method.name &&
+                        m.args == method.args &&
+                        m.splat_index == method.splat_index &&
+                        m.double_splat == method.double_splat &&
+                        m.block_arg == method.block_arg
+                      end
+                 definitions << {
+                   type:     t,
+                   method:   method,
+                   scope:    :super.id,
+                   receiver: receiver,
+                 }
+               end
+             end
+           end
+         end
+
+         definitions = definitions.reject do |definition|
+           name = definition[:method].name
+           name.starts_with?("_spectator") || ::Spectator::DSL::RESERVED_KEYWORDS.includes?(name.symbolize)
+         end %}
+
+      {% for definition in definitions %}
+        {% original_type = definition[:type]
+           method = definition[:method]
+           scope = definition[:scope]
+           receiver = definition[:receiver]
+           rewrite_args = method.accepts_block?
+           # Handle calling methods on other objects (primarily for mock modules).
+           if scope != :super.id && scope != :previous_def.id
+             if receiver == :self.id
+               scope = "#{scope}.#{method.name}".id
+               rewrite_args = true
+             else
+               scope = :super.id
+             end
+           end %}
+        # Redefinition of {{original_type}}{{"#".id}}{{method.name}}
+        {{(method.abstract? ? "abstract_stub abstract" : "default_stub").id}} {{method.visibility.id if method.visibility != :public}} def {{"#{receiver}.".id if receiver}}{{method.name}}(
           {% for arg, i in method.args %}{% if i == method.splat_index %}*{% end %}{{arg}}, {% end %}
           {% if method.double_splat %}**{{method.double_splat}}, {% end %}
           {% if method.block_arg %}&{{method.block_arg}}{% elsif method.accepts_block? %}&{% end %}
         ){% if method.return_type %} : {{method.return_type}}{% end %}{% if !method.free_vars.empty? %} forall {{method.free_vars.splat}}{% end %}
-          {% unless method.abstract? %}
-            {% if type == @type %}previous_def{% else %}super{% end %}{% if method.accepts_block? %} { |*%yargs| yield *%yargs }{% end %}
+        {% unless method.abstract? %}
+            {{scope}}{% if rewrite_args %}({% for arg, i in method.args %}
+              {% if i == method.splat_index && arg.internal_name && arg.internal_name.size > 0 %}*{{arg.internal_name}}, {% if method.double_splat %}**{{method.double_splat}}, {% end %}{% end %}
+              {% if method.splat_index && i > method.splat_index %}{{arg.name}}: {{arg.internal_name}}, {% end %}
+              {% if !method.splat_index || i < method.splat_index %}{{arg.internal_name}}, {% end %}{% end %}
+              {% if !method.splat_index && method.double_splat %}**{{method.double_splat}}, {% end %}
+              {% captured_block = if method.block_arg && method.block_arg.name && method.block_arg.name.size > 0
+                                    method.block_arg.name
+                                  else
+                                    nil
+                                  end %}
+              {% if captured_block %}&{{captured_block}}{% end %}
+            ){% if !captured_block && method.accepts_block? %} { |*%yargs| yield *%yargs }{% end %}{% end %}
           end
         {% end %}
       {% end %}
-
-      {% for method in type.class.methods.reject do |meth|
-                         meth.name.starts_with?("_spectator") ||
-                           ::Spectator::DSL::RESERVED_KEYWORDS.includes?(meth.name.symbolize)
-                       end %}
-        default_stub {{method.visibility.id if method.visibility != :public}} def self.{{method.name}}(
-          {% for arg, i in method.args %}{% if i == method.splat_index %}*{% end %}{{arg}}, {% end %}
-          {% if method.double_splat %}**{{method.double_splat}}, {% end %}
-          {% if method.block_arg %}&{{method.block_arg}}{% elsif method.accepts_block? %}&{% end %}
-        ){% if method.return_type %} : {{method.return_type}}{% end %}{% if !method.free_vars.empty? %} forall {{method.free_vars.splat}}{% end %}
-          {% if type == @type %}previous_def{% else %}super{% end %}{% if method.accepts_block? %} { |*%yargs| yield *%yargs }{% end %}
-        end
-      {% end %}
     end
 
-    # Utility macro for casting a stub (and it's return value) to the correct type.
+    # Utility macro for casting a stub (and its return value) to the correct type.
     #
     # *stub* is the variable holding the stub.
     # *call* is the variable holding the captured method call.
@@ -395,49 +530,38 @@ module Spectator
     # - `:raise` - raise a `TypeCastError`.
     # - `:no_return` - raise as no value should be returned.
     private macro _spectator_cast_stub_value(stub, call, type, fail_cast = :nil)
-      # Attempt to cast the stub to the method's return type.
-      # If successful, return the value of the stub.
-      # This is a common usage where the return type is simple and matches the stub type exactly.
-      if %typed = {{stub}}.as?(::Spectator::TypedStub({{type}}))
-        %typed.call({{call}})
-      else
-        # The stub couldn't be easily cast to match the return type.
+      {% if fail_cast == :no_return %}
+        {{stub}}.call({{call}})
+        raise TypeCastError.new("#{_spectator_stubbed_name} received message #{ {{call}} } and is attempting to return a value, but it shouldn't have returned (`NoReturn`).")
+      {% else %}
+        # Get the value as-is from the stub.
+        # This will be compiled as a union of all known stubbed value types.
+        %value = {{stub}}.call({{call}})
+        %type = {{type}}
 
-        # Even though all stubs will have a `#call` method, the compiler doesn't seem to agree.
-        # Assert that it will (this should never fail).
-        raise TypeCastError.new("Stub has no value") unless {{stub}}.responds_to?(:call)
+        # Attempt to cast the value to the method's return type.
+        # If successful, which it will be in most cases, return it.
+        # The caller will receive a properly typed value without unions or other side-effects.
+        %cast = %value.as?({{type}})
 
-        {% if fail_cast == :no_return %}
-          {{stub}}.call({{call}})
-          raise TypeCastError.new("#{_spectator_stubbed_name} received message #{ {{call}} } and is attempting to return a value, but it shouldn't have returned (`NoReturn`).")
-        {% else %}
-          # Get the value as-is from the stub.
-          # This will be compiled as a union of all known stubbed value types.
-          %value = {{stub}}.call({{call}})
-
-          # Attempt to cast the value to the method's return type.
-          # If successful, which it will be in most cases, return it.
-          # The caller will receive a properly typed value without unions or other side-effects.
-          if %cast = %value.as?({{type}})
-            %cast
+        {% if fail_cast == :nil %}
+          %cast
+        {% elsif fail_cast == :raise %}
+          # Check if nil was returned by the stub and if its okay to return it.
+          if %value.nil? && %type.nilable?
+            # Value was nil and nil is allowed to be returned.
+            %type.cast(%cast)
+          elsif %cast.nil?
+            # The stubbed value was something else entirely and cannot be cast to the return type.
+            raise TypeCastError.new("#{_spectator_stubbed_name} received message #{ {{call}} } and is attempting to return a `#{%value.class}`, but returned type must be `#{%type}`.")
           else
-            {% if fail_cast == :nil %}
-              nil
-            {% elsif fail_cast == :raise %}
-              # The stubbed value was something else entirely and cannot be cast to the return type.
-              # There's something weird going on (compiler bug?) that sometimes causes this class lookup to fail.
-              %type = begin
-                %value.class.to_s
-              rescue
-                "<Unknown>"
-              end
-              raise TypeCastError.new("#{_spectator_stubbed_name} received message #{ {{call}} } and is attempting to return a `#{%type}`, but returned type must be `#{ {{type}} }`.")
-            {% else %}
-              {% raise "fail_cast must be :nil, :raise, or :no_return, but got: #{fail_cast}" %}
-            {% end %}
+            # Types match and value can be returned as cast type.
+            %cast
           end
+        {% else %}
+          {% raise "fail_cast must be :nil, :raise, or :no_return, but got: #{fail_cast}" %}
         {% end %}
-      end
+      {% end %}
     end
   end
 end

src/spectator/mocks/stubbed_type.cr

@@ -20,6 +20,10 @@ module Spectator
       _spectator_stubs.unshift(stub)
     end
 
+    def _spectator_remove_stub(stub : Stub) : Nil
+      _spectator_stubs.delete(stub)
+    end
+
     def _spectator_clear_stubs : Nil
       _spectator_stubs.clear
     end

src/spectator/mocks/typed_stub.cr

@@ -9,5 +9,11 @@ module Spectator
   abstract class TypedStub(T) < Stub
     # Invokes the stubbed implementation.
     abstract def call(call : MethodCall) : T
+
+    # String representation of the stub, formatted as a method call.
+    def to_s(io : IO) : Nil
+      super
+      io << " : " << T
+    end
   end
 end

src/spectator/mocks/value_mock_registry.cr

@@ -29,6 +29,12 @@ module Spectator
       @entries[key]
     end
 
+    # Retrieves all stubs defined for a mocked object or nil if the object isn't mocked yet.
+    def []?(object : T)
+      key = value_bytes(object)
+      @entries[key]?
+    end
+
     # Retrieves all stubs defined for a mocked object.
     #
     # Yields to the block on the first retrieval.

src/spectator/mocks/value_stub.cr

@@ -20,6 +20,13 @@ module Spectator
     def initialize(method : Symbol, @value : T, constraint : AbstractArguments? = nil, location : Location? = nil)
       super(method, constraint, location)
     end
+
+    # String representation of the stub, formatted as a method call and return value.
+    def to_s(io : IO) : Nil
+      super
+      io << " # => "
+      @value.inspect(io)
+    end
   end
 
   module StubModifiers

src/spectator/node.cr

@@ -30,14 +30,16 @@ module Spectator
     end
 
     # User-defined tags and values used for filtering and behavior modification.
-    getter metadata : Metadata
+    def metadata : Metadata
+      @metadata ||= Metadata.new
+    end
 
     # Creates the node.
     # The *name* describes the purpose of the node.
     # It can be a `Symbol` to describe a type.
     # The *location* tracks where the node exists in source code.
     # A set of *metadata* can be used for filtering and modifying example behavior.
-    def initialize(@name : Label = nil, @location : Location? = nil, @metadata : Metadata = Metadata.new)
+    def initialize(@name : Label = nil, @location : Location? = nil, @metadata : Metadata? = nil)
     end
 
     # Indicates whether the node has completed.
@@ -46,17 +48,25 @@ module Spectator
     # Checks if the node has been marked as pending.
     # Pending items should be skipped during execution.
     def pending?
-      metadata.has_key?(:pending) || metadata.has_key?(:skip)
+      return false unless md = @metadata
+
+      md.has_key?(:pending) || md.has_key?(:skip)
     end
 
     # Gets the reason the node has been marked as pending.
     def pending_reason
-      metadata[:pending]? || metadata[:skip]? || metadata[:reason]? || DEFAULT_PENDING_REASON
+      return DEFAULT_PENDING_REASON unless md = @metadata
+
+      md[:pending]? || md[:skip]? || md[:reason]? || DEFAULT_PENDING_REASON
     end
 
     # Retrieves just the tag names applied to the node.
     def tags
-      Tags.new(metadata.keys)
+      if md = @metadata
+        Tags.new(md.keys)
+      else
+        Tags.new
+      end
     end
 
     # Non-nil name used to show the node name.
@@ -66,12 +76,12 @@ module Spectator
 
     # Constructs the full name or description of the node.
     # This prepends names of groups this node is part of.
-    def to_s(io)
+    def to_s(io : IO) : Nil
       display_name.to_s(io)
     end
 
     # Exposes information about the node useful for debugging.
-    def inspect(io)
+    def inspect(io : IO) : Nil
       # Full node name.
       io << '"' << self << '"'
 

src/spectator/pass_result.cr

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ module Spectator
     end
 
     # Calls the `pass` method on *visitor*.
-    def accept(visitor)
+    def accept(visitor, &)
       visitor.pass(yield self)
     end
 
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ module Spectator
     end
 
     # One-word description of the result.
-    def to_s(io)
+    def to_s(io : IO) : Nil
       io << "pass"
     end
 

src/spectator/pending_example_builder.cr

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ module Spectator
     # The *name*, *location*, and *metadata* will be applied to the `Example` produced by `#build`.
     # A default *reason* can be given in case the user didn't provide one.
     def initialize(@name : String? = nil, @location : Location? = nil,
-                   @metadata : Metadata = Metadata.new, @reason : String? = nil)
+                   @metadata : Metadata? = nil, @reason : String? = nil)
     end
 
     # Constructs an example with previously defined attributes.

src/spectator/pending_result.cr

@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ module Spectator
     end
 
     # Calls the `pending` method on the *visitor*.
-    def accept(visitor)
+    def accept(visitor, &)
       visitor.pending(yield self)
     end
 
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ module Spectator
     end
 
     # One-word description of the result.
-    def to_s(io)
+    def to_s(io : IO) : Nil
       io << "pending"
     end
 

src/spectator/should.cr

@@ -22,51 +22,106 @@ class Object
   # ```
   # require "spectator/should"
   # ```
-  def should(matcher, message = nil)
+  def should(matcher, message = nil, *, _file = __FILE__, _line = __LINE__)
     actual = ::Spectator::Value.new(self)
+    location = ::Spectator::Location.new(_file, _line)
     match_data = matcher.match(actual)
-    expectation = ::Spectator::Expectation.new(match_data, message: message)
+    expectation = ::Spectator::Expectation.new(match_data, location, message)
     ::Spectator::Harness.current.report(expectation)
   end
 
+  # Asserts that some criteria defined by the matcher is satisfied.
+  # Allows a custom message to be used.
+  # Returns the expected value cast as the expected type, if the matcher is satisfied.
+  def should(matcher : ::Spectator::Matchers::TypeMatcher(U), message = nil, *, _file = __FILE__, _line = __LINE__) forall U
+    actual = ::Spectator::Value.new(self)
+    location = ::Spectator::Location.new(_file, _line)
+    match_data = matcher.match(actual)
+    expectation = ::Spectator::Expectation.new(match_data, location, message)
+    if ::Spectator::Harness.current.report(expectation)
+      return self if self.is_a?(U)
+
+      raise "Spectator bug: expected value should have cast to #{U}"
+    else
+      raise TypeCastError.new("Expected value should be a #{U}, but was actually #{self.class}")
+    end
+  end
+
   # Works the same as `#should` except the condition is inverted.
   # When `#should` succeeds, this method will fail, and vice-versa.
-  def should_not(matcher, message = nil)
+  def should_not(matcher, message = nil, *, _file = __FILE__, _line = __LINE__)
     actual = ::Spectator::Value.new(self)
+    location = ::Spectator::Location.new(_file, _line)
     match_data = matcher.negated_match(actual)
-    expectation = ::Spectator::Expectation.new(match_data, message: message)
+    expectation = ::Spectator::Expectation.new(match_data, location, message)
     ::Spectator::Harness.current.report(expectation)
   end
 
+  # Asserts that some criteria defined by the matcher is not satisfied.
+  # Allows a custom message to be used.
+  # Returns the expected value cast without the unexpected type, if the matcher is satisfied.
+  def should_not(matcher : ::Spectator::Matchers::TypeMatcher(U), message = nil, *, _file = __FILE__, _line = __LINE__) forall U
+    actual = ::Spectator::Value.new(self)
+    location = ::Spectator::Location.new(_file, _line)
+    match_data = matcher.negated_match(actual)
+    expectation = ::Spectator::Expectation.new(match_data, location, message)
+    if ::Spectator::Harness.current.report(expectation)
+      return self unless self.is_a?(U)
+
+      raise "Spectator bug: expected value should not be #{U}"
+    else
+      raise TypeCastError.new("Expected value is not expected to be a #{U}, but was actually #{self.class}")
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Asserts that some criteria defined by the matcher is not satisfied.
+  # Allows a custom message to be used.
+  # Returns the expected value cast as a non-nillable type, if the matcher is satisfied.
+  def should_not(matcher : ::Spectator::Matchers::NilMatcher, message = nil, *, _file = __FILE__, _line = __LINE__)
+    actual = ::Spectator::Value.new(self)
+    location = ::Spectator::Location.new(_file, _line)
+    match_data = matcher.negated_match(actual)
+    expectation = ::Spectator::Expectation.new(match_data, location, message)
+    if ::Spectator::Harness.current.report(expectation)
+      return self unless self.nil?
+
+      raise "Spectator bug: expected value should not be nil"
+    else
+      raise NilAssertionError.new("Expected value should not be nil.")
+    end
+  end
+
   # Works the same as `#should` except that the condition check is postponed.
   # The expectation is checked after the example finishes and all hooks have run.
-  def should_eventually(matcher, message = nil)
-    ::Spectator::Harness.current.defer { should(matcher, message) }
+  def should_eventually(matcher, message = nil, *, _file = __FILE__, _line = __LINE__)
+    ::Spectator::Harness.current.defer { should(matcher, message, _file: _file, _line: _line) }
   end
 
   # Works the same as `#should_not` except that the condition check is postponed.
   # The expectation is checked after the example finishes and all hooks have run.
-  def should_never(matcher, message = nil)
-    ::Spectator::Harness.current.defer { should_not(matcher, message) }
+  def should_never(matcher, message = nil, *, _file = __FILE__, _line = __LINE__)
+    ::Spectator::Harness.current.defer { should_not(matcher, message, _file: _file, _line: _line) }
   end
 end
 
 struct Proc(*T, R)
   # Extension method to create an expectation for a block of code (proc).
   # Depending on the matcher, the proc may be executed multiple times.
-  def should(matcher, message = nil)
+  def should(matcher, message = nil, *, _file = __FILE__, _line = __LINE__)
     actual = ::Spectator::Block.new(self)
+    location = ::Spectator::Location.new(_file, _line)
     match_data = matcher.match(actual)
-    expectation = ::Spectator::Expectation.new(match_data, message: message)
+    expectation = ::Spectator::Expectation.new(match_data, location, message)
     ::Spectator::Harness.current.report(expectation)
   end
 
   # Works the same as `#should` except the condition is inverted.
   # When `#should` succeeds, this method will fail, and vice-versa.
-  def should_not(matcher, message = nil)
+  def should_not(matcher, message = nil, *, _file = __FILE__, _line = __LINE__)
     actual = ::Spectator::Block.new(self)
+    location = ::Spectator::Location.new(_file, _line)
     match_data = matcher.negated_match(actual)
-    expectation = ::Spectator::Expectation.new(match_data, message: message)
+    expectation = ::Spectator::Expectation.new(match_data, location, message)
     ::Spectator::Harness.current.report(expectation)
   end
 end

src/spectator/spec_builder.cr

@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ module Spectator
     #
     # A set of *metadata* can be used for filtering and modifying example behavior.
     # For instance, adding a "pending" tag will mark tests as pending and skip execution.
-    def start_group(name, location = nil, metadata = Metadata.new) : Nil
+    def start_group(name, location = nil, metadata = nil) : Nil
       Log.trace { "Start group: #{name.inspect} @ #{location}; metadata: #{metadata}" }
       builder = ExampleGroupBuilder.new(name, location, metadata)
 
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ module Spectator
     #
     # A set of *metadata* can be used for filtering and modifying example behavior.
     # For instance, adding a "pending" tag will mark tests as pending and skip execution.
-    def start_iterative_group(collection, name, iterator = nil, location = nil, metadata = Metadata.new) : Nil
+    def start_iterative_group(collection, name, iterator = nil, location = nil, metadata = nil) : Nil
       Log.trace { "Start iterative group: #{name} (#{typeof(collection)}) @ #{location}; metadata: #{metadata}" }
       builder = IterativeExampleGroupBuilder.new(collection, name, iterator, location, metadata)
 
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ module Spectator
     # It will be yielded two arguments - the example created by this method, and the *context* argument.
     # The return value of the block is ignored.
     # It is expected that the test code runs when the block is called.
-    def add_example(name, location, context_builder, metadata = Metadata.new, &block : Example -> _) : Nil
+    def add_example(name, location, context_builder, metadata = nil, &block : Example -> _) : Nil
       Log.trace { "Add example: #{name} @ #{location}; metadata: #{metadata}" }
       current << ExampleBuilder.new(context_builder, block, name, location, metadata)
     end
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ module Spectator
     # A set of *metadata* can be used for filtering and modifying example behavior.
     # For instance, adding a "pending" tag will mark the test as pending and skip execution.
     # A default *reason* can be given in case the user didn't provide one.
-    def add_pending_example(name, location, metadata = Metadata.new, reason = nil) : Nil
+    def add_pending_example(name, location, metadata = nil, reason = nil) : Nil
       Log.trace { "Add pending example: #{name} @ #{location}; metadata: #{metadata}" }
       current << PendingExampleBuilder.new(name, location, metadata, reason)
     end