# Anonymity Networks with Monero Currently only Tor and I2P have been integrated into Monero. The usage of these networks is still considered experimental - there are a few pessimistic cases where privacy is leaked. The design is intended to maximize privacy of the source of a transaction by broadcasting it over an anonymity network, while relying on IPv4 for the remainder of messages to make surrounding node attacks (via sybil) more difficult. ## Behavior If _any_ anonymity network is enabled, transactions being broadcast that lack a valid "context" (i.e. the transaction did not come from a p2p connection), will only be sent to peers on anonymity networks. If an anonymity network is enabled but no peers over an anonymity network are available, an error is logged and the transaction is kept for future broadcasting over an anonymity network. The transaction will not be broadcast unless an anonymity connection is made or until `monerod` is shutdown and restarted with only public connections enabled. Anonymity networks can also be used with `monero-wallet-cli` and `monero-wallet-rpc` - the wallets will connect to a daemon through a proxy. The daemon must provide a hidden service for the RPC itself, which is separate from the hidden service for P2P connections. ## P2P Commands Only handshakes, peer timed syncs and transaction broadcast messages are supported over anonymity networks. If one `--add-exclusive-node` p2p address is specified, then no syncing will take place and only transaction broadcasting can occur. It is therefore recommended that `--add-exclusive-node` be combined with additional exclusive IPv4 address(es). ## Usage Anonymity networks have no seed nodes (the feature is still considered experimental), so a user must specify an address. If configured properly, additional peers can be found through typical p2p peerlist sharing. ### Outbound Connections Connecting to an anonymous address requires the command line option `--proxy` which tells `monerod` the ip/port of a socks proxy provided by a separate process. On most systems the configuration will look like: > `--proxy tor,127.0.0.1:9050,10` > `--proxy i2p,127.0.0.1:9000` which tells `monerod` that ".onion" p2p addresses can be forwarded to a socks proxy at IP 127.0.0.1 port 9050 with a max of 10 outgoing connections and ".b32.i2p" p2p addresses can be forwarded to a socks proxy at IP 127.0.0.1 port 9000 with the default max outgoing connections. Since there are no seed nodes for anonymity connections, peers must be manually specified: > `--add-exclusive-node rveahdfho7wo4b2m.onion:28083` > `--add-peer rveahdfho7wo4b2m.onion:28083` Either option can be listed multiple times, and can specify any mix of Tor, I2P, and IPv4 addresses. Using `--add-exclusive-node` will prevent the usage of seed nodes on ALL networks, which will typically be undesireable. ### Inbound Connections Receiving anonymity connections is done through the option `--anonymous-inbound`. This option tells `monerod` the inbound address, network type, and max connections: > `--anonymous-inbound rveahdfho7wo4b2m.onion:28083,127.0.0.1:28083,25` > `--anonymous-inbound cmeua5767mz2q5jsaelk2rxhf67agrwuetaso5dzbenyzwlbkg2q.b32.i2p:5000,127.0.0.1:30000` which tells `monerod` that a max of 25 inbound Tor connections are being received at address "rveahdfho7wo4b2m.onion:28083" and forwarded to `monerod` localhost port 28083, and a default max I2P connections are being received at address "cmeua5767mz2q5jsaelk2rxhf67agrwuetaso5dzbenyzwlbkg2q.b32.i2p:5000" and forwarded to `monerod` localhost port 30000. These addresses will be shared with outgoing peers, over the same network type, otherwise the peer will not be notified of the peer address by the proxy. ### Wallet RPC An anonymity network can be configured to forward incoming connections to a `monerod` RPC port - which is independent from the configuration for incoming P2P anonymity connections. The anonymity network (Tor/i2p) is [configured in the same manner](#configuration), except the localhost port must be the RPC port (typically 18081 for mainnet) instead of the p2p port: > HiddenServiceDir /var/lib/tor/data/monero > HiddenServicePort 18081 127.0.0.1:18081 Then the wallet will be configured to use a Tor/i2p address: > `--proxy 127.0.0.1:9050` > `--daemon-address rveahdfho7wo4b2m.onion` The proxy must match the address type - a Tor proxy will not work properly with i2p addresses, etc. i2p and onion addresses provide the information necessary to authenticate and encrypt the connection from end-to-end. If desired, SSL can also be applied to the connection with `--daemon-address https://rveahdfho7wo4b2m.onion` which requires a server certificate that is signed by a "root" certificate on the machine running the wallet. Alternatively, `--daemon-cert-file` can be used to specify a certificate to authenticate the server. Proxies can also be used to connect to "clearnet" (ipv4 addresses or ICANN domains), but `--daemon-cert-file` _must_ be used for authentication and encryption. ### Network Types #### Tor & I2P Options `--add-exclusive-node` and `--add-peer` recognize ".onion" and ".b32.i2p" addresses, and will properly forward those addresses to the proxy provided with `--proxy tor,...` or `--proxy i2p,...`. Option `--anonymous-inbound` also recognizes ".onion" and ".b32.i2p" addresses, and will automatically be sent out to outgoing Tor/I2P connections so the peer can distribute the address to its other peers. ##### Configuration Tor must be configured for hidden services. An example configuration ("torrc") might look like: > HiddenServiceDir /var/lib/tor/data/monero > HiddenServicePort 28083 127.0.0.1:28083 This will store key information in `/var/lib/tor/data/monero` and will forward "Tor port" 28083 to port 28083 of ip 127.0.0.1. The file `/usr/lib/tor/data/monero/hostname` will contain the ".onion" address for use with `--anonymous-inbound`. I2P must be configured with a standard server tunnel. Configuration differs by I2P implementation. ## Privacy Limitations There are currently some techniques that could be used to _possibly_ identify the machine that broadcast a transaction over an anonymity network. ### Timestamps The peer timed sync command sends the current time in the message. This value can be used to link an onion address to an IPv4/IPv6 address. If a peer first sees a transaction over Tor, it could _assume_ (possibly incorrectly) that the transaction originated from the peer. If both the Tor connection and an IPv4/IPv6 connection have timestamps that are approximately close in value they could be used to link the two connections. This is less likely to happen if the system clock is fairly accurate - many peers on the Monero network should have similar timestamps. #### Mitigation Keep the system clock accurate so that fingerprinting is more difficult. In the future a random offset might be applied to anonymity networks so that if the system clock is noticeably off (and therefore more fingerprintable), linking the public IPv4/IPv6 connections with the anonymity networks will be more difficult. ### Bandwidth Usage An ISP can passively monitor `monerod` connections from a node and observe when a transaction is sent over a Tor/I2P connection via timing analysis + size of data sent during that timeframe. I2P should provide better protection against this attack - its connections are not circuit based. However, if a node is only using I2P for broadcasting Monero transactions, the total aggregate of I2P data would also leak information. #### Mitigation There is no current mitigation for the user right now. This attack is fairly sophisticated, and likely requires support from the internet host of a Monero user. In the near future, "whitening" the amount of data sent over anonymity network connections will be performed. An attempt will be made to make a transaction broadcast indistinguishable from a peer timed sync command. ### Intermittent Monero Syncing If a user only runs `monerod` to send a transaction then quit, this can also be used by an ISP to link a user to a transaction. #### Mitigation Run `monerod` as often as possible to conceal when transactions are being sent. Future versions will also have peers that first receive a transaction over an anonymity network delay the broadcast to public peers by a randomized amount. This will not completetely mitigate a user who syncs up sends then quits, in part because this rule is not enforceable, so this mitigation strategy is simply a best effort attempt. ### Active Bandwidth Shaping An attacker could attempt to bandwidth shape traffic in an attempt to determine the source of a Tor/I2P connection. There isn't great mitigation against this, but I2P should provide better protection against this attack since the connections are not circuit based. #### Mitigation The best mitigiation is to use I2P instead of Tor. However, I2P has a smaller set of users (less cover traffic) and academic reviews, so there is a tradeoff in potential isses. Also, anyone attempting this strategy really wants to uncover a user, it seems unlikely that this would be performed against every Tor/I2P user.