//! Flattening annotations and form fields into page content.
//!
//! Phase 5 of `NIGIG_PDF_FEATURE_PARITY_PLAN.md`, matching dart-pdf's
//! `flatten_test.dart`.
//!
//! ## What flattening is, and what it is for
//!
//! An annotation draws itself from its `/AP /N` appearance stream, which
//! lives *beside* the page rather than in it. A reader that does not
//! understand annotations — or one told not to print them — shows the page
//! without them. Flattening moves that appearance into the page's own
//! content stream and removes the annotation, so what is drawn is part of
//! the page and cannot be turned off, edited or extracted as a field.
//!
//! That is exactly what "print to PDF", "finalise this form" and "make
//! these comments permanent" mean, and it is irreversible by design.
//!
//! ## The transform is the whole problem
//!
//! An appearance stream draws in its **own** coordinate space, described by
//! its `/BBox` and optional `/Matrix`. The annotation's `/Rect` says where
//! on the page that space should land. Getting from one to the other is
//! PDF 32000-1 §12.5.5, and it is the step every naive implementation skips:
//!
//! 1. Transform the `/BBox` corners by `/Matrix`.
//! 2. Take the bounding box of the result — the *transformed* appearance
//!    box, which is generally not the original box.
//! 3. Compute the scale and offset that map that box onto `/Rect`.
//!
//! Skip it and the stamp lands at the origin, or at the right place in the
//! wrong size. Nothing errors: the page renders, with the annotation
//! somewhere else.
//!
//! ## What is refused
//!
//! An annotation with no appearance stream cannot be flattened — there is
//! nothing to draw. Rather than dropping it silently (which loses it) or
//! inventing an appearance (which draws something the producer never
//! specified), it is **left alone** and reported. A caller wanting it gone
//! can delete it explicitly; a caller wanting it drawn must generate an
//! appearance first, which `appearance.rs` does for the types it can.
//!
//! Hidden and `/NoView` annotations are skipped for the same reason in
//! reverse: they are not drawn on screen, so burning them into the page
//! would *add* ink that was never visible.

use crate::annotations::PdfAnnotation;
use crate::document::PdfDocument;
use nigig_pdf_cos::incremental::IncrementalUpdate;
use nigig_pdf_cos::object::{ObjRef, PdfDict, PdfObj, PdfStream};

/// Write the four operators flattening needs, without reaching for
/// `pdf-graphics`.
///
/// The crate boundary is `cos -> document -> graphics` and it is strict:
/// `pdf-document` cannot depend on the graphics layer, and inverting that
/// to reuse `content_edit::write_ops` would be a far worse trade than
/// emitting `q`, `cm`, `Do` and `Q` here. These four are the entire
/// vocabulary of placing an XObject.
///
/// The number formatting is the same rule `content_edit::write_real`
/// applies and for the same reason: PDF has no exponent syntax, and a
/// coordinate written `1e-7` reads as the number 1 followed by an unknown
/// operator. The precision is the shortest that parses back to the
/// identical `f64`.
fn write_real(value: f64) -> String {
    if !value.is_finite() {
        return "0".to_string();
    }
    if value == value.trunc() && value.abs() < 1e15 {
        let as_int = value as i64;
        return if as_int == 0 {
            "0".to_string()
        } else {
            as_int.to_string()
        };
    }
    let mut s = String::new();
    for decimals in 1..=17usize {
        s = format!("{value:.decimals$}");
        if s.parse::<f64>() == Ok(value) {
            break;
        }
    }
    if s.contains('.') {
        while s.ends_with('0') {
            s.pop();
        }
        if s.ends_with('.') {
            s.pop();
        }
    }
    if s == "-0" || s.is_empty() {
        s = "0".to_string();
    }
    s
}

/// Paint one appearance XObject under a placement matrix, isolated in its
/// own `q`/`Q` so it cannot leak state into the next one.
fn paint_xobject(out: &mut Vec<u8>, name: &str, m: &Matrix) {
    out.extend_from_slice(
        b"q
",
    );
    for v in m {
        out.extend_from_slice(write_real(*v).as_bytes());
        out.push(b' ');
    }
    out.extend_from_slice(
        b"cm
/",
    );
    // A resource name generated here is always alphanumeric, so it needs
    // no `#` escaping; the assertion is in the test rather than a runtime
    // check that could never fire.
    out.extend_from_slice(name.as_bytes());
    out.extend_from_slice(
        b" Do
Q
",
    );
}

/// Annotation flags (PDF 32000-1 table 165) that decide visibility.
mod flags {
    pub const HIDDEN: i64 = 1 << 1;
    pub const NO_VIEW: i64 = 1 << 5;
}

/// Why one annotation was not flattened.
#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub enum SkipReason {
    /// No `/AP /N` stream, so there is nothing to draw.
    NoAppearance,
    /// `/AP /N` is a sub-dictionary of states and `/AS` names none of them,
    /// so which one to draw is undefined.
    AmbiguousAppearanceState,
    /// `/Hidden` or `/NoView` is set: it is not drawn, so it must not be
    /// burned in.
    NotVisible,
    /// A `/Popup` is the pop-up *window* of another annotation, never
    /// drawn on the page itself.
    PopupWindow,
    /// The appearance stream could not be read or decoded.
    UnreadableAppearance,
    /// `/Rect` is missing or degenerate, so there is nowhere to put it.
    DegenerateRect,
}

impl std::fmt::Display for SkipReason {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
        let text = match self {
            Self::NoAppearance => "no /AP /N appearance stream",
            Self::AmbiguousAppearanceState => "/AS names no state in /AP /N",
            Self::NotVisible => "hidden or /NoView",
            Self::PopupWindow => "a pop-up window is not drawn on the page",
            Self::UnreadableAppearance => "the appearance stream could not be read",
            Self::DegenerateRect => "/Rect is missing or has no area",
        };
        f.write_str(text)
    }
}

/// What flattening did.
#[derive(Clone, Debug, Default)]
pub struct FlattenReport {
    /// Object numbers of the annotations burned into the page.
    pub flattened: Vec<u32>,
    /// Annotations left in place, with why.
    pub skipped: Vec<(u32, SkipReason)>,
    /// Whether the page's `/Annots` was rewritten.
    pub annots_rewritten: bool,
    /// Whether `/AcroForm` was removed, which happens only when every
    /// field in the document has been flattened.
    pub acroform_removed: bool,
}

impl FlattenReport {
    pub fn did_anything(&self) -> bool {
        !self.flattened.is_empty()
    }
}

/// Which annotations to flatten.
#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub enum FlattenScope {
    /// Every annotation that can be flattened.
    All,
    /// Only form fields (`/Widget`), leaving comments and markup editable.
    ///
    /// This is what "finalise the form" means, and it is the common case:
    /// a filled form should stop being fillable without also destroying
    /// the reviewer's comments.
    WidgetsOnly,
    /// Everything except form fields.
    AnnotationsOnly,
}

impl FlattenScope {
    fn includes(&self, annot: &PdfAnnotation) -> bool {
        let is_widget = matches!(annot.annot_type, crate::annotations::AnnotationType::Widget);
        match self {
            Self::All => true,
            Self::WidgetsOnly => is_widget,
            Self::AnnotationsOnly => !is_widget,
        }
    }
}

/// A 3x2 affine matrix in PDF order: `[a b c d e f]`.
type Matrix = [f64; 6];

const IDENTITY: Matrix = [1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0];

fn apply(m: &Matrix, x: f64, y: f64) -> (f64, f64) {
    (m[0] * x + m[2] * y + m[4], m[1] * x + m[3] * y + m[5])
}

/// The appearance-to-page transform of §12.5.5.
///
/// Returns the matrix that maps the form XObject's space onto the
/// annotation's `/Rect`.
///
/// The steps are the specification's and the order matters: the `/BBox` is
/// transformed by `/Matrix` *first*, and the resulting box — not the
/// original — is what gets fitted to `/Rect`. A rotated appearance has a
/// larger transformed box than its own, so fitting the untransformed one
/// scales it wrongly.
pub fn appearance_matrix(bbox: [f64; 4], matrix: Matrix, rect: [f64; 4]) -> Matrix {
    // Normalise: either box may arrive with its corners in any order.
    let (bx0, bx1) = (bbox[0].min(bbox[2]), bbox[0].max(bbox[2]));
    let (by0, by1) = (bbox[1].min(bbox[3]), bbox[1].max(bbox[3]));
    let (rx0, rx1) = (rect[0].min(rect[2]), rect[0].max(rect[2]));
    let (ry0, ry1) = (rect[1].min(rect[3]), rect[1].max(rect[3]));

    // Step 1-2: the bounding box of the transformed /BBox corners.
    let corners = [
        apply(&matrix, bx0, by0),
        apply(&matrix, bx1, by0),
        apply(&matrix, bx1, by1),
        apply(&matrix, bx0, by1),
    ];
    let tx0 = corners.iter().map(|c| c.0).fold(f64::INFINITY, f64::min);
    let tx1 = corners
        .iter()
        .map(|c| c.0)
        .fold(f64::NEG_INFINITY, f64::max);
    let ty0 = corners.iter().map(|c| c.1).fold(f64::INFINITY, f64::min);
    let ty1 = corners
        .iter()
        .map(|c| c.1)
        .fold(f64::NEG_INFINITY, f64::max);

    // Step 3: scale the transformed box onto /Rect.
    //
    // A zero-width transformed box would divide by zero. It means the
    // appearance collapses to a line, which cannot be scaled to fill a
    // rectangle, so the scale stays 1 and only the translation applies —
    // the appearance lands in the right place at its own size rather than
    // producing NaN coordinates that render as nothing.
    let sx = if (tx1 - tx0).abs() > f64::EPSILON {
        (rx1 - rx0) / (tx1 - tx0)
    } else {
        1.0
    };
    let sy = if (ty1 - ty0).abs() > f64::EPSILON {
        (ry1 - ry0) / (ty1 - ty0)
    } else {
        1.0
    };

    // The full transform is A = Matrix * Scale * Translate, expressed as a
    // single `cm` operand list.
    [
        matrix[0] * sx,
        matrix[1] * sy,
        matrix[2] * sx,
        matrix[3] * sy,
        matrix[4] * sx + rx0 - tx0 * sx,
        matrix[5] * sy + ry0 - ty0 * sy,
    ]
}

/// Read a `[f64; 4]` rectangle from a dictionary entry.
fn rect_of(dict: &PdfDict, key: &str) -> Option<[f64; 4]> {
    let arr = dict.get_array(key)?;
    if arr.len() < 4 {
        return None;
    }
    let mut out = [0.0; 4];
    for (i, slot) in out.iter_mut().enumerate() {
        *slot = arr[i].as_f64()?;
    }
    Some(out)
}

fn matrix_of(dict: &PdfDict) -> Matrix {
    let Some(arr) = dict.get_array("Matrix") else {
        return IDENTITY;
    };
    if arr.len() < 6 {
        return IDENTITY;
    }
    let mut m = IDENTITY;
    for (i, slot) in m.iter_mut().enumerate() {
        match arr[i].as_f64() {
            Some(v) => *slot = v,
            None => return IDENTITY,
        }
    }
    m
}

/// The appearance stream to draw for one annotation.
///
/// `/AP /N` is either a stream or a dictionary of named states, in which
/// case `/AS` picks one. A state dictionary with exactly one entry and no
/// `/AS` is resolved to that entry: it is unambiguous, and refusing it
/// would skip a great many real checkboxes.
fn appearance_of(
    doc: &mut PdfDocument,
    annot_dict: &PdfDict,
) -> Result<(PdfStream, PdfObj), SkipReason> {
    let ap = annot_dict
        .get("AP")
        .and_then(|o| doc.resolve_shallow_public(o))
        .and_then(|o| o.as_dict().cloned())
        .ok_or(SkipReason::NoAppearance)?;
    let normal = ap.get("N").cloned().ok_or(SkipReason::NoAppearance)?;
    let resolved = doc
        .resolve_shallow_public(&normal)
        .ok_or(SkipReason::UnreadableAppearance)?;

    match resolved {
        PdfObj::Stream(s) => Ok((s, normal)),
        PdfObj::Dict(states) => {
            let wanted = annot_dict.get_name("AS").map(|s| s.to_string());
            let chosen = match wanted {
                Some(name) => states.get(&name).cloned(),
                None if states.map.len() == 1 => states.map.values().next().cloned(),
                None => None,
            }
            .ok_or(SkipReason::AmbiguousAppearanceState)?;
            let stream = doc
                .resolve_shallow_public(&chosen)
                .and_then(|o| match o {
                    PdfObj::Stream(s) => Some(s),
                    _ => None,
                })
                .ok_or(SkipReason::UnreadableAppearance)?;
            Ok((stream, chosen))
        }
        _ => Err(SkipReason::UnreadableAppearance),
    }
}

fn is_visible(annot_dict: &PdfDict) -> bool {
    let f = annot_dict.get_int("F").unwrap_or(0);
    f & flags::HIDDEN == 0 && f & flags::NO_VIEW == 0
}

/// Remove `/AcroForm` from the catalogue when no widget survives.
///
/// Flattening every field leaves the form *entry* behind, and a reader
/// takes that at face value: poppler still reports `Form: AcroForm` on a
/// document with no fields left, and a viewer may still show a "fill in
/// this form" prompt for a form that no longer exists. Verified against
/// poppler before and after.
///
/// Only removed when the whole document is free of widget annotations —
/// flattening one page of a three-page form must not strip the fields
/// still live on the others.
pub fn remove_acroform_if_empty(
    doc: &mut PdfDocument,
    source: &[u8],
) -> Result<(Vec<u8>, bool), FlattenError> {
    let trailer = doc.trailer().clone();
    let Some(root_ref) = trailer.get("Root").and_then(|o| o.as_ref().copied()) else {
        return Ok((source.to_vec(), false));
    };
    let Some(root) = doc
        .resolve_ref(root_ref)
        .ok()
        .and_then(|o| o.as_dict().cloned())
    else {
        return Ok((source.to_vec(), false));
    };
    if root.get("AcroForm").is_none() {
        return Ok((source.to_vec(), false));
    }

    for page in 0..doc.page_count() {
        let annots = doc.page_annotations(page).unwrap_or_default();
        if annots
            .iter()
            .any(|a| matches!(a.annot_type, crate::annotations::AnnotationType::Widget))
        {
            return Ok((source.to_vec(), false));
        }
    }

    let mut new_root = root;
    new_root.map.remove("AcroForm");
    let mut update = IncrementalUpdate::new();
    update.set_object(root_ref, PdfObj::Dict(new_root));
    let bytes = update
        .append_to(source, &trailer)
        .map_err(|_| FlattenError::SaveFailed)?;
    Ok((bytes, true))
}

/// Flatten every page, then drop `/AcroForm` if nothing is left to fill.
///
/// The convenience entry point, and the one that matches what "flatten
/// this document" means to a user.
pub fn flatten_document(
    source: &[u8],
    scope: FlattenScope,
) -> Result<(Vec<u8>, FlattenReport), FlattenError> {
    let mut current = source.to_vec();
    let mut combined = FlattenReport::default();

    let page_count = {
        let doc = PdfDocument::parse(&current).map_err(|_| FlattenError::SaveFailed)?;
        doc.page_count()
    };

    for page in 0..page_count {
        // Re-parsed each round: the previous page's flatten appended a
        // revision, and the next must read the document as it now stands.
        let mut doc = PdfDocument::parse(&current).map_err(|_| FlattenError::SaveFailed)?;
        let (next, report) = flatten_page(&mut doc, &current, page, scope)?;
        combined.flattened.extend(report.flattened);
        combined.skipped.extend(report.skipped);
        combined.annots_rewritten |= report.annots_rewritten;
        current = next;
    }

    if matches!(scope, FlattenScope::All | FlattenScope::WidgetsOnly) {
        let mut doc = PdfDocument::parse(&current).map_err(|_| FlattenError::SaveFailed)?;
        let (next, removed) = remove_acroform_if_empty(&mut doc, &current)?;
        combined.acroform_removed = removed;
        current = next;
    }

    Ok((current, combined))
}

/// Flatten a page's annotations into its content stream.
///
/// Returns the updated file bytes and a report. The original revision is
/// appended to, never rewritten, so earlier signatures stay valid over the
/// bytes they covered.
pub fn flatten_page(
    doc: &mut PdfDocument,
    source: &[u8],
    page_index: usize,
    scope: FlattenScope,
) -> Result<(Vec<u8>, FlattenReport), FlattenError> {
    let mut report = FlattenReport::default();

    let page_ref = doc
        .page_object_ref(page_index)
        .ok_or(FlattenError::NoSuchPage(page_index))?;
    let page_dict = doc
        .resolve_ref(page_ref)
        .ok()
        .and_then(|o| o.as_dict().cloned())
        .ok_or(FlattenError::NoSuchPage(page_index))?;
    let annotations = doc
        .page_annotations(page_index)
        .map_err(|_| FlattenError::NoSuchPage(page_index))?;

    if annotations.is_empty() {
        return Ok((source.to_vec(), report));
    }

    // Existing page content, which the burned-in appearances follow.
    let existing = doc
        .page(page_index)
        .map(|p| p.content_data.clone())
        .unwrap_or_default();

    let mut xobjects: Vec<(String, PdfObj)> = Vec::new();
    let mut painted: Vec<u8> = Vec::new();
    let mut kept: Vec<PdfObj> = Vec::new();
    let mut update = IncrementalUpdate::new();
    let mut next_name = 0usize;

    for annot in &annotations {
        let Some(obj_ref) = annot.obj_ref else {
            // A directly-embedded annotation has no reference to keep or
            // drop; leave it exactly as it is.
            continue;
        };
        let annot_dict = annot.raw_dict.clone();

        let keep = |kept: &mut Vec<PdfObj>| kept.push(PdfObj::Ref(obj_ref));

        if !scope.includes(annot) {
            keep(&mut kept);
            continue;
        }
        if matches!(annot.annot_type, crate::annotations::AnnotationType::Popup) {
            report.skipped.push((obj_ref.num, SkipReason::PopupWindow));
            keep(&mut kept);
            continue;
        }
        if !is_visible(&annot_dict) {
            report.skipped.push((obj_ref.num, SkipReason::NotVisible));
            keep(&mut kept);
            continue;
        }
        let Some(rect) = rect_of(&annot_dict, "Rect") else {
            report
                .skipped
                .push((obj_ref.num, SkipReason::DegenerateRect));
            keep(&mut kept);
            continue;
        };
        if (rect[2] - rect[0]).abs() < f64::EPSILON || (rect[3] - rect[1]).abs() < f64::EPSILON {
            report
                .skipped
                .push((obj_ref.num, SkipReason::DegenerateRect));
            keep(&mut kept);
            continue;
        }

        let (stream, reference) = match appearance_of(doc, &annot_dict) {
            Ok(v) => v,
            Err(reason) => {
                report.skipped.push((obj_ref.num, reason));
                keep(&mut kept);
                continue;
            }
        };

        let bbox = rect_of(&stream.dict, "BBox").unwrap_or([0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0]);
        let matrix = matrix_of(&stream.dict);
        let placement = appearance_matrix(bbox, matrix, rect);

        // The appearance is painted as an XObject rather than having its
        // operators spliced in. Splicing would need the stream's resources
        // merged into the page's, with every name collision renamed — far
        // more code, and it loses the /BBox clip that an XObject applies
        // for free.
        let name = loop {
            let candidate = format!("nigigFlat{next_name}");
            next_name += 1;
            if !page_has_xobject(doc, &page_dict, &candidate) {
                break candidate;
            }
        };

        // Reuse the appearance object itself when it is already indirect:
        // two annotations sharing one appearance stay sharing it.
        let xobject_ref = match reference.as_ref().copied() {
            Some(r) => r,
            None => {
                let r = ObjRef {
                    num: doc.max_object_number() + 1 + update.len() as u32,
                    gen: 0,
                };
                update.set_stream(r, stream.clone());
                r
            }
        };

        xobjects.push((name.clone(), PdfObj::Ref(xobject_ref)));
        paint_xobject(&mut painted, &name, &placement);

        report.flattened.push(obj_ref.num);
    }

    if report.flattened.is_empty() {
        return Ok((source.to_vec(), report));
    }

    // The new page content: the original, then the appearances.
    //
    // Wrapped in its own q/Q even though each appearance already is: the
    // *existing* content may leave the graphics state unbalanced, and
    // inheriting that would place every flattened annotation wrongly.
    let mut content = existing;
    if !content.is_empty() && !content.ends_with(b"\n") {
        content.push(b'\n');
    }
    content.extend_from_slice(b"q\n");
    content.extend_from_slice(&painted);
    content.extend_from_slice(b"Q\n");

    let content_ref = ObjRef {
        num: doc.max_object_number() + 1 + update.len() as u32,
        gen: 0,
    };
    let mut content_dict = PdfDict::new();
    content_dict.set("Length", PdfObj::Int(content.len() as i64));
    update.set_stream(
        content_ref,
        PdfStream {
            dict: content_dict,
            data: content,
        },
    );

    // The page: new content, merged XObject resources, surviving /Annots.
    let mut new_page = page_dict.clone();
    new_page.set("Contents", PdfObj::Ref(content_ref));

    let mut resources = page_dict
        .get("Resources")
        .and_then(|o| doc.resolve_shallow_public(o))
        .and_then(|o| o.as_dict().cloned())
        .unwrap_or_default();
    let mut xobject_dict = resources
        .get("XObject")
        .and_then(|o| doc.resolve_shallow_public(o))
        .and_then(|o| o.as_dict().cloned())
        .unwrap_or_default();
    for (name, value) in xobjects {
        xobject_dict.set(&name, value);
    }
    resources.set("XObject", PdfObj::Dict(xobject_dict));
    new_page.set("Resources", PdfObj::Dict(resources));

    if kept.is_empty() {
        new_page.map.remove("Annots");
    } else {
        new_page.set("Annots", PdfObj::Array(kept));
    }
    report.annots_rewritten = true;
    update.set_object(page_ref, PdfObj::Dict(new_page));

    let trailer = doc.trailer().clone();
    let bytes = update
        .append_to(source, &trailer)
        .map_err(|_| FlattenError::SaveFailed)?;
    Ok((bytes, report))
}

fn page_has_xobject(doc: &mut PdfDocument, page: &PdfDict, name: &str) -> bool {
    page.get("Resources")
        .and_then(|o| doc.resolve_shallow_public(o))
        .and_then(|o| o.as_dict().cloned())
        .and_then(|r| r.get("XObject").cloned())
        .and_then(|o| doc.resolve_shallow_public(&o))
        .and_then(|o| o.as_dict().cloned())
        .is_some_and(|x| x.get(name).is_some())
}

/// Flattening failed outright.
#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub enum FlattenError {
    NoSuchPage(usize),
    SaveFailed,
}

impl std::fmt::Display for FlattenError {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
        match self {
            Self::NoSuchPage(i) => write!(f, "page {i} does not exist"),
            Self::SaveFailed => write!(f, "the flattened document could not be written"),
        }
    }
}

impl std::error::Error for FlattenError {}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use super::*;

    fn close(a: f64, b: f64) -> bool {
        (a - b).abs() < 1e-9
    }

    fn assert_matrix(got: Matrix, want: Matrix) {
        for (i, (g, w)) in got.iter().zip(want.iter()).enumerate() {
            assert!(
                close(*g, *w),
                "component {i}: got {g}, want {w} (full: {got:?})"
            );
        }
    }

    /// The simplest case: a unit box onto a rectangle at the origin.
    #[test]
    fn a_unit_box_scales_to_the_rectangle() {
        let m = appearance_matrix([0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0], IDENTITY, [0.0, 0.0, 100.0, 50.0]);
        assert_matrix(m, [100.0, 0.0, 0.0, 50.0, 0.0, 0.0]);
    }

    /// A rectangle away from the origin must translate as well as scale.
    #[test]
    fn an_offset_rectangle_translates() {
        let m = appearance_matrix([0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0], IDENTITY, [10.0, 20.0, 110.0, 70.0]);
        assert_matrix(m, [100.0, 0.0, 0.0, 50.0, 10.0, 20.0]);
        // The box's corners must land on the rectangle's corners.
        assert_eq!(apply(&m, 0.0, 0.0), (10.0, 20.0));
        assert_eq!(apply(&m, 1.0, 1.0), (110.0, 70.0));
    }

    /// A `/BBox` that does not start at the origin must be shifted, not
    /// just scaled. This is the case that puts a stamp in the wrong place.
    #[test]
    fn a_bbox_away_from_the_origin_is_shifted_onto_the_rectangle() {
        let m = appearance_matrix(
            [100.0, 100.0, 200.0, 150.0],
            IDENTITY,
            [0.0, 0.0, 200.0, 100.0],
        );
        let (x0, y0) = apply(&m, 100.0, 100.0);
        let (x1, y1) = apply(&m, 200.0, 150.0);
        assert!(close(x0, 0.0) && close(y0, 0.0), "lower-left: {x0},{y0}");
        assert!(
            close(x1, 200.0) && close(y1, 100.0),
            "upper-right: {x1},{y1}"
        );
    }

    /// §12.5.5 step 1: the `/BBox` is transformed by `/Matrix` *first*, and
    /// the transformed box is what gets fitted. A 90-degree rotation swaps
    /// the box's width and height, so fitting the untransformed box scales
    /// it wrongly — the classic "rotated stamp is squashed" bug.
    #[test]
    fn a_rotated_appearance_fits_its_transformed_box() {
        // Rotate 90 degrees: [0 1 -1 0 0 0].
        let rotate: Matrix = [0.0, 1.0, -1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0];
        let m = appearance_matrix([0.0, 0.0, 100.0, 50.0], rotate, [0.0, 0.0, 50.0, 100.0]);

        // Every corner of the original box must land inside /Rect.
        for (x, y) in [(0.0, 0.0), (100.0, 0.0), (100.0, 50.0), (0.0, 50.0)] {
            let (px, py) = apply(&m, x, y);
            assert!(
                (-1e-6..=50.0 + 1e-6).contains(&px) && (-1e-6..=100.0 + 1e-6).contains(&py),
                "corner ({x},{y}) landed at ({px},{py}), outside the 50x100 rect"
            );
        }
        // And the transformed box must fill it, not sit in a corner.
        let (ax, ay) = apply(&m, 0.0, 0.0);
        let (bx, by) = apply(&m, 100.0, 50.0);
        assert!(close((ax - bx).abs(), 50.0), "width {}", (ax - bx).abs());
        assert!(close((ay - by).abs(), 100.0), "height {}", (ay - by).abs());
    }

    #[test]
    fn a_scaling_matrix_is_accounted_for() {
        let scale: Matrix = [2.0, 0.0, 0.0, 2.0, 0.0, 0.0];
        let m = appearance_matrix([0.0, 0.0, 50.0, 50.0], scale, [0.0, 0.0, 100.0, 100.0]);
        // The /Matrix already doubles it to 100x100, so fitting a 100x100
        // rect needs no further scaling.
        let (x1, y1) = apply(&m, 50.0, 50.0);
        assert!(close(x1, 100.0) && close(y1, 100.0), "{x1},{y1}");
    }

    /// A degenerate box collapses to a line and cannot be scaled to fill a
    /// rectangle. It must not produce NaN, which renders as nothing.
    #[test]
    fn a_degenerate_bbox_does_not_produce_nan() {
        let m = appearance_matrix([0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 100.0], IDENTITY, [0.0, 0.0, 50.0, 50.0]);
        for (i, v) in m.iter().enumerate() {
            assert!(v.is_finite(), "component {i} is {v}");
        }
    }

    /// Reversed corners are legal in both boxes and must be normalised.
    #[test]
    fn reversed_corners_are_normalised() {
        let forward = appearance_matrix([0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0], IDENTITY, [0.0, 0.0, 100.0, 50.0]);
        let reversed = appearance_matrix([1.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0], IDENTITY, [100.0, 50.0, 0.0, 0.0]);
        assert_matrix(reversed, forward);
    }

    #[test]
    fn scope_selects_the_right_annotations() {
        use crate::annotations::AnnotationType;
        let make = |kind: AnnotationType| PdfAnnotation {
            annot_type: kind,
            rect: [0.0, 0.0, 10.0, 10.0],
            flags: Default::default(),
            page_index: None,
            obj_ref: None,
            raw_dict: PdfDict::new(),
        };
        let widget = make(AnnotationType::Widget);
        let text = make(AnnotationType::Text { contents: None });
        assert!(FlattenScope::All.includes(&widget));
        assert!(FlattenScope::All.includes(&text));
        assert!(FlattenScope::WidgetsOnly.includes(&widget));
        assert!(!FlattenScope::WidgetsOnly.includes(&text));
        assert!(!FlattenScope::AnnotationsOnly.includes(&widget));
        assert!(FlattenScope::AnnotationsOnly.includes(&text));
    }

    #[test]
    fn hidden_and_noview_annotations_are_not_visible() {
        let mut d = PdfDict::new();
        assert!(is_visible(&d), "no /F means visible");
        d.set("F", PdfObj::Int(flags::HIDDEN));
        assert!(!is_visible(&d), "/Hidden must not be burned in");
        d.set("F", PdfObj::Int(flags::NO_VIEW));
        assert!(!is_visible(&d), "/NoView must not be burned in");
        d.set("F", PdfObj::Int(4)); // /Print
        assert!(is_visible(&d), "/Print alone is visible");
    }

    #[test]
    fn skip_reasons_describe_themselves() {
        assert!(SkipReason::NoAppearance.to_string().contains("/AP"));
        assert!(SkipReason::NotVisible.to_string().contains("hidden"));
        assert!(SkipReason::PopupWindow.to_string().contains("pop-up"));
        assert!(SkipReason::DegenerateRect.to_string().contains("/Rect"));
    }

    #[test]
    fn a_matrix_is_read_or_defaults_to_identity() {
        let mut d = PdfDict::new();
        assert_eq!(matrix_of(&d), IDENTITY, "absent /Matrix is the identity");
        d.set(
            "Matrix",
            PdfObj::Array(vec![
                PdfObj::Int(2),
                PdfObj::Int(0),
                PdfObj::Int(0),
                PdfObj::Int(2),
                PdfObj::Int(5),
                PdfObj::Int(5),
            ]),
        );
        assert_eq!(matrix_of(&d), [2.0, 0.0, 0.0, 2.0, 5.0, 5.0]);
        // A short or malformed matrix falls back rather than reading past
        // the end.
        d.set("Matrix", PdfObj::Array(vec![PdfObj::Int(1)]));
        assert_eq!(matrix_of(&d), IDENTITY);
    }
}