# ADR 0030: compositing and overprint — the blend maths had no backdrop

- **Status:** Accepted
- **Date:** 2026-08-18
- **Review item:** `NIGIG_PDF_FEATURE_PARITY_PLAN.md` §1 Phase 7, "Blend
  modes + overprint compositor", "Transparency groups … extend to
  blend-mode compositing", and the exit criterion "golden render corpus
  covers shading/mesh/overprint/image-XObject pages"
- **Supersedes:** the scope boundary declared in `transparency.rs`
- **Related:** ADR 0009 (transparency), ADR 0028/0029 (shadings)

## Context

`transparency.rs` opened with an honest limit:

> this module computes blend functions and resolves parameters. It does
> *not* perform backdrop compositing — that needs a framebuffer, which an
> engine-neutral crate does not have.

That was right for Phase 3 and wrong to leave standing. `BlendMode::blend`
was implemented for all sixteen modes and unit-tested against the
specification's formulas — and **nothing ever called it with a backdrop**.
The Makepad renderer's handling of `SetBlendMode` was:

```rust
RenderCommand::SetBlendMode(mode) => {
    if *mode != BlendMode::Normal {
        self.unsupported.push(TransparencyError::Unsupported(...));
    }
}
```

It recorded a complaint and then painted the source colour. So a
`/Multiply` highlight and a `/Normal` one produced byte-identical output,
and every test in the suite passed, because every test in the suite asked
"was the right command issued" rather than "does the page look right".

**Overprint had no code at all.** `/OP`, `/op` and `/OPM` were not parsed,
so an overprinting object knocked out the inks underneath it. That is not a
missing feature; it is the *opposite* of the instruction. On a press it is
the difference between a colour and a hole.

## Decision

### Own a framebuffer, in `pdf-graphics`

`composite.rs` carries a `Canvas` of straight-alpha RGBA pixels and
implements §11.3.6's union formula. A framebuffer is not a graphics engine
— it is an array of pixels — and the reason to own one is that it makes the
blend maths *falsifiable*. Six of the mutations run against this module were
killed only by tests that composite; none of the pre-existing `blend` tests
noticed them.

It lives in `pdf-graphics` and not `pdf-makepad` because a test that needs a
GPU is a test that does not run: the Makepad UI suite has been blocked on a
headless backend since Phase 1, and putting compositing behind that block
would have meant shipping it unverified.

### Blend weighted by backdrop alpha, not applied flat

§11.3.6 weights the blended colour by how much backdrop there is, so a
Multiply over a *transparent* backdrop is the source unchanged. Applying the
blend flat gives black there. Both spellings pass a naive "Multiply darkens"
test; only `a_blend_over_a_transparent_backdrop_is_the_source` separates
them, and the mutation that drops the weighting is killed by it alone.

### Overprint is CMYK-only, and says so

`composite_cmyk` is a separate function rather than a flag on
`composite_pixel`. Overprint is a statement about *inks*, and RGB has none —
§10.7.5 says it has no effect on an RGB device. Making it a flag would let a
caller pass an RGB pixel and an overprint state and receive a plausible
wrong answer. `ProcessColorants` makes the device's ink model explicit, and
`overprint_has_no_effect_on_an_rgb_device` records that our doing nothing
there is the spec's instruction rather than our omission.

`/op` defaults to `/OP` (table 58). Defaulting it to `false` — the obvious
reading — makes the common `<< /OP true >>` a stroking-only instruction and
quietly knocks out every fill; that mutation is killed by
`op_defaults_the_fill_flag_to_the_stroke_flag`.

`ExtGState::overprint` is `Option`, like every other field: `None` means the
ExtGState named no overprint entry and the existing state survives. A
concrete default would make every `gs` operator reset overprint.

### A CPU rasteriser, and golden **pixels**

`raster.rs` replays a `RenderCommand` list onto a `Canvas`. It is not on the
display path and is not a production renderer: no anti-aliasing, no join
geometry, no font rasterisation, and it names what it cannot resolve rather
than pretending. It exists so Phase 7's exit criterion — "golden render
corpus covers shading/mesh/overprint/image-XObject pages" — can be met with
pixels rather than with command text.

The goldens are ASCII grids with a colour legend, quantised to quarter
steps. Quantised because a gradient has one distinct colour per pixel and an
exact legend would be longer than the picture; **and** because the precision
is not what the golden is for — each test asserts its exact colours in the
test body *before* comparing the golden, so a wrong-but-stable render cannot
be blessed by an `UPDATE_GOLDEN=1` run. Text and not PNG because a golden
nobody can read in a diff is a golden nobody reviews, and three fixtures in
this project have already encoded the bug they were meant to catch.

### What is refused rather than approximated

Knockout transparency groups return `TransparencyError::Unsupported`.
`composite_group` distinguishes isolated from non-isolated, which is the
difference between a Multiply group darkening its backdrop once or twice.

## Consequences

- Blend modes, constant alpha and soft masks produce visibly different
  pixels, and the difference is asserted.
- Overprint is parsed and honoured per ink. Documents that rely on it no
  longer get the inverse of what they asked for.
- The Makepad renderer still does not composite — it has no
  render-to-texture — and still reports so. This ADR does not change that;
  it makes the correct behaviour exist and be verified somewhere the tests
  can reach. Wiring the Makepad device to a texture target is separate work
  and is recorded as such in the Phase 7 table.
- The rasteriser's clip intersection keeps the newest clip rather than
  intersecting properly. Correct for the nested rectangles real content
  streams use; recorded here as the approximation it is.

## Merge criteria

Enumerated from the plan bullets first, per ADR 0021.

| Criterion | State |
|---|---|
| Blend modes composite against a backdrop | ✅ `composite_pixel`, all 16 modes reachable; Multiply/Screen/Difference asserted numerically |
| Blend is weighted by backdrop alpha (§11.3.6) | ✅ `a_blend_over_a_transparent_backdrop_is_the_source` |
| Constant alpha `ca`/`CA` applied | ✅ `constant_alpha_scales_the_source_contribution` |
| Soft-mask value applied per pixel | ✅ `a_gradient_soft_mask_is_sampled_per_pixel` |
| `/OP`, `/op`, `/OPM` parsed | ✅ `Overprint::from_ext_gstate`, reaching `ExtGState` |
| Overprint honoured per ink | ✅ `overprint_leaves_the_inks_it_does_not_paint` |
| `/op` defaults to `/OP` | ✅ mutation-killed |
| Overprint is a no-op on RGB (§10.7.5) | ✅ asserted, not merely absent |
| Overprint reaches a real page's graphics state | ✅ `transparency/overprint.pdf`, `overprint_entries_are_parsed_from_a_real_page` |
| Transparency groups composite as a unit | ✅ `compositing_a_group_blends_it_as_a_unit` |
| Knockout groups | ❌ **deferred** — refused by name, not silently treated as non-knockout |
| Golden render corpus: shading page | ✅ `shading_axial`, `shading_radial` |
| Golden render corpus: mesh page | ✅ `shading_mesh` |
| Golden render corpus: overprint page | ✅ `overprint_on` / `overprint_off`, as CMYK plates |
| Golden render corpus: image-XObject page | ⚠️ **partial** — the `Do` request is asserted by name; the rasteriser does not resolve page resources, so no pixels |
| Blend compositing in the **Makepad** device | ❌ **deferred** — needs render-to-texture; the renderer still reports `Unsupported` |
| Mutation-checked | ✅ 6 mutations, all killed |